High throughput phenotyping for aphid resistance in large plant collections     

X Chen  B Vosman  RG Visser  RA van der Vlugt  C Broekgaarden 《Plant methods》2012,8(1):33-7

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Phloem-feeding insects are among the most devastating pests worldwide. They not only cause damage by feeding from the phloem, thereby depleting the plant from photo-assimilates, but also by vectoring viruses. Until now, the main way to prevent such problems is the frequent use of insecticides. Applying resistant varieties would be a more environmental friendly and sustainable solution. For this, resistant sources need to be identified first. Up to now there were no methods suitable for high throughput phenotyping of plant germplasm to identify sources of resistance towards phloem-feeding insects. RESULTS: In this paper we present a high throughput screening system to identify plants with an increased resistance against aphids. Its versatility is demonstrated using an Arabidopsis thaliana activation tag mutant line collection. This system consists of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and the circulative virus Turnip yellows virus (TuYV). In an initial screening, with one plant representing one mutant line, 13 virus-free mutant lines were identified by ELISA. Using seeds produced from these lines, the putative candidates were re-evaluated and characterized, resulting in nine lines with increased resistance towards the aphid. CONCLUSIONS: This M. persicae-TuYV screening system is an efficient, reliable and quick procedure to identify among thousands of mutated lines those resistant to aphids. In our study, nine mutant lines with increased resistance against the aphid were selected among 5160 mutant lines in just 5 months by one person. The system can be extended to other phloem-feeding insects and circulative viruses to identify insect resistant sources from several collections, including for example genebanks and artificially prepared mutant collections.  相似文献   

Long-term survival of dogs after cholecystoenterostomy: a retrospective study of 15 cases (1981-2005)     

Papazoglou LG  Mann FA  Wagner-Mann C  Song KJ 《Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association》2008,44(2):67-74

Fifteen dogs with extrahepatic biliary tract disease underwent cholecystoenterostomy. Long-term survivors were significantly older at presentation (mean age 140.5 months) than dogs that survived the first 20 days after surgery but subsequently died from causes related to the surgery or hepatobiliary disease (mean age 72 months). Dogs that died during the first 20 days had significantly more complications in the hospital than dogs that survived this period. The type of underlying hepatobiliary disease (i.e., benign or malignant) was not associated with either short-term outcome or long-term survival. Eight dogs died from causes related to surgery or hepatobiliary disease. Long-term complications included hepatic abscesses, acquired portosystemic shunts, pancreatitis, and vomiting.  相似文献   

Effects of temperature and handling conditions on lipid emulsion stability in veterinary parenteral nutrition admixtures during simulated intravenous administration     

Thomovsky EJ  Backus RC  Mann FA  Richmond CK  Wagner-Mann CC 《American journal of veterinary research》2008,69(5):652-658

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether lipid particle coalescence develops in veterinary parenteral nutrition (PN) admixture preparations that are kept at room temperature (23 degrees C) for > 48 hours and whether that coalescence is prevented by admixture filtration, refrigeration, or agitation. SAMPLE POPULATION: 15 bags of veterinary PN solutions. PROCEDURES: Bags of a PN admixture preparation containing a lipid emulsion were suspended and maintained under different experimental conditions (3 bags/group) for 96 hours while admixtures were dispensed to simulate IV fluid administration (rate, 16 mL/h). Bags were kept static at 4 degrees C (refrigeration); kept at 23 degrees C (room temperature) and continuously agitated; kept at room temperature and agitated for 5 minutes every 4 hours; kept static at room temperature and filtered during delivery; or kept static at room temperature (control conditions). Admixture samples were collected at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours and examined via transmission electron microscopy to determine lipid particle diameters. At 96 hours, 2 samples were collected at a location distal to the filter from each bag in that group for bacterial culture. RESULTS: Distribution of lipid particle size in the control preparations and experimentally treated preparations did not differ significantly. A visible oil layer developed in continuously agitated preparations by 72 hours. Bacterial cultures of filtered samples yielded no growth. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Data indicated that the veterinary PN admixtures kept static at 23 degrees C are suitable for use for at least 48 hours. Manipulations of PN admixtures appear unnecessary to prolong lipid particle stability, and continuous agitation may hasten lipid breakdown.  相似文献   

Selection of a monoclonal antibody for detection of gliadins and glutenins: A step towards reliable gluten quantification     

Olivier Tranquet  Colette LarréSandra Denery-Papini 《Journal of Cereal Science》2012

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Induced plant defences in biological control of arthropod pests: a double‐edged sword          下载免费PDF全文

Maria L Pappas  Colette Broekgaarden  George D Broufas  Merijn R Kant  Gerben J Messelink  Anke Steppuhn  Felix Wäckers  Nicole M van Dam 《Pest management science》2017,73(9):1780-1788

Biological control is an important ecosystem service delivered by natural enemies. Together with breeding for plant defence, it constitutes one of the most promising alternatives to pesticides for controlling herbivores in sustainable crop production. Especially induced plant defences may be promising targets in plant breeding for resistance against arthropod pests. Because they are activated upon herbivore damage, costs are only incurred when defence is needed. Moreover, they can be more specific than constitutive defences. Nevertheless, inducible defence traits that are harming plant pest organisms may interfere with biological control agents, such as predators and parasitoids. Despite the vast fundamental knowledge on plant defence mechanisms and their effects on natural enemies, our understanding of the feasibility of combining biological control with induced plant defence in practice is relatively poor. In this review, we focus on arthropod pest control and present the most important features of biological control with natural enemies and of induced plant defence. Furthermore, we show potential synergies and conflicts among them and, finally, identify gaps and list opportunities for their combined use in crop protection. We suggest that breeders should focus on inducible resistance traits that are compatible with the natural enemies of arthropod pests, specifically traits that help communities of natural enemies to build up. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

Relative competitive abilities and productivity in Ginkgo and broad bean and wheat mixtures in southern China     

Fu-liang Cao  J. P. Kimmins  P. A. Jolliffe  J. R. Wang 《Agroforestry Systems》2010,79(3):369-380

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) is a multi-value deciduous tree species grown for the production of nuts, timber and foliage for medicinal products. Understanding the ecological and biological basis for Ginkgo agroforestry systems is essential for the design of optimum Ginkgo-crop species combinations. We established two greenhouse replacement series to examine interactions between Ginkgo and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.); and Ginkgo and broad bean (Vicia faba L.). The results showed that crop species were more competitive than Ginkgo at low Ginkgo density, but less competitive than Ginkgo at high Ginkgo density. Ginkgo: wheat ratio 5:1 and Ginkgo: broad bean ratio 5:1 had relative yield total (RYT) and relative land output (RLO) values of more than one and the largest total land output (TLO) values in respective mixtures. Therefore, these two ratios might be considered optimum Ginkgo: crop ratio for enhancing the combined biomass of the Ginkgo and crop in respective mixtures. Broad bean and wheat were more competitive than Ginkgo, which was less affected by wheat than by broad bean. However, there were compensatory interactions between Ginkgo and wheat, and Ginkgo and broad bean. There was significant belowground competition for soil N between Ginkgo and the two crop species in the Ginkgo/crop mixtures. The two mixtures outperformed monocultures of the individual species when comparing the mixtures with the crop monoculture system.  相似文献   

Mycotic dermatitis in a vagrant parti-coloured bat (Vespertilio murinus) in Great Britain     

Barlow A  Jolliffe T  Tomlin M  Worledge L  Miller H 《The Veterinary record》2011,169(23):614

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The intravenous pharmacokinetics of butorphanol and detomidine dosed in combination compared with individual dose administrations to exercised horses     

Stuart W. Paine  Jane Bright  James P. Scarth  Pamela R. Hincks  Clive M. Pearce  Colette Hannan  Marc Machnik  Lynn Hillyer 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2020,43(2):162-170

In equine and racing practice, detomidine and butorphanol are commonly used in combination for their sedative properties. The aim of the study was to produce detection times to better inform European veterinary surgeons, so that both drugs can be used appropriately under regulatory rules. Three independent groups of 7, 8 and 6 horses, respectively, were given either a single intravenous administration of butorphanol (100 µg/kg), a single intravenous administration of detomidine (10 µg/kg) or a combination of both at 25 (butorphanol) and 10 (detomidine) µg/kg. Plasma and urine concentrations of butorphanol, detomidine and 3-hydroxydetomidine at predetermined time points were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The intravenous pharmacokinetics of butorphanol dosed individually compared with co-administration with detomidine had approximately a twofold larger clearance (646 ± 137 vs. 380 ± 86 ml hr⁻¹ kg⁻¹) but similar terminal half-life (5.21 ± 1.56 vs. 5.43 ± 0.44 hr). Pseudo-steady-state urine to plasma butorphanol concentration ratios were 730 and 560, respectively. The intravenous pharmacokinetics of detomidine dosed as a single administration compared with co-administration with butorphanol had similar clearance (3,278 ± 1,412 vs. 2,519 ± 630 ml hr⁻¹ kg⁻¹) but a slightly shorter terminal half-life (0.57 ± 0.06 vs. 0.70 ± 0.11 hr). Pseudo-steady-state urine to plasma detomidine concentration ratios are 4 and 8, respectively. The 3-hydroxy metabolite of detomidine was detected for at least 35 hr in urine from both the single and co-administrations. Detection times of 72 and 48 hr are recommended for the control of butorphanol and detomidine, respectively, in horseracing and equestrian competitions.  相似文献   

Essentials of Pet Rodents: A Guide for Practitioners          下载免费PDF全文

Colette Wheler 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2000,41(3):245

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Performance evaluation of a competitive ELISA test used for bluetongue antibody detection in France, a recently infected area     

Biteau-Coroller F  Gerbier G  Stärk KD  Grillet C  Albina E  Zientara S  Roger F 《Veterinary microbiology》2006,118(1-2):57-66

In 1998, bluetongue (BT) was introduced in northern Africa and then extended to northern latitudes including the French island of Corsica. Following the outbreaks in Corsica in 2000 and 2001, cross-sectional studies and surveillances have been set up in Corsica and also in the southern part of mainland France, a disease-free area but considered at high risk because of its proximity. The surveillance was based on regular blood sampling of susceptible species and antibody detection by a commercial competitive ELISA kit (cELISA). The performance of this cELISA was evaluated on both field results obtained during the 2001 surveillance campaigns and experimental results. ROC analyses were carried out using RT-PCR results as gold standard for determining the infection status of animals. From all these sets of data, cut-off values optimising the diagnostic accuracy of the test were computed. Their values ranged around the manufacturer's 50% threshold from 41% to 63%. The area under the ROC curve obtained from field data was 0.843 (95% CI: 0.762-0.923). In all our results, it appeared also that the specificity of the cELISA test was always perfect if the cut-off was at least at 80%. This cELISA test does not seem sufficient to diagnose BT disease in animals with BT-like symptoms. However, complementary data are needed to better estimate sensitivity and specificity values of this BT test for its use either as a diagnostic tool in infected areas or as a screening test in BT-free areas. The use and validity of RT-PCR results as gold standard are discussed. As the lack of suitable data strongly limited the applicable analyses, a discussion based on the OIE recommendations about test evaluation is initiated.  相似文献