Major declines in the abundance of vultures and other scavenging raptors in and around the Masai Mara ecosystem, Kenya   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Munir Z. Virani  Corinne Kendall  Peter Njoroge  Simon Thomsett 《Biological conservation》2011,(2):746-752

Vulture population declines have been noted in West and Southern Africa, but have not been assessed in East Africa. Roadside transects conducted in 1976 and 1988 were compared with surveys done from 2003–2005 in and around Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. Staggering declines in abundance were found for seven of eight scavenging raptors surveyed. No Egyptian vultures were seen during recent transects. We compared trends between the ungulate migration and non-migration season among three land use types (reserve, buffer, and grazed) and among the species surveyed to establish the causes of declines in scavenging raptors. Large declines during the ungulate migratory period suggest that most scavenging raptor species are declining well beyond the area of study. For all species, except Hooded vultures, substantial declines outside of the reserve indicate an important role of land use change in causing observed declines. In addition, significant declines of populations of Gyps species in the reserve itself, especially during the migration season, provide evidence that human activities occurring in other parts of the species’ range such as poisoning of carcasses may be causing their decline. Declines found in this study suggest that at a minimum African white-backed, Rüppell’s, and Hooded vultures should be relisted as Vulnerable. Management actions that limit land use change around the reserve combined with a countrywide ban on carbamate pesticides will be important for conserving keystone members of the scavenging guild. Future research should further examine possible causes of these declines and quantify the effect of reduced scavenging raptor abundance on scavenging efficiency.  相似文献   

Occurrence and infectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in some norwegian soils influenced by heavy metals and soil properties     

Corinne Leyval  Bal Ram Singh  Erik J. Joner 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,84(3-4):203-216

Mycorrhizae are ubiquitous symbiosis which can mediate uptake of some plant nutrients. In polluted soils they could be of great importance in heavy metal availability and toxicity to plants. Mycorrhizae have also been reported to protect plants against toxic metals. We investigated the occurrence and infectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) spores as affected by heavy metal levels and other soil properties in Norwegian soils collected from heavy metal polluted, high natural background and non-polluted areas. Spore numbers, mycorrhizal infectivity and spore germination of indigenous mycorrhizal fungi and of a reference strain (Glomus mosseae) in soils showed lower values in two soils with high metal concentrations and in one soil with a low pH. Mycorrhizal infectivity was negatively correlated with extractable metals. Spore number and mycorrhizal infectivity in a soil with naturally high heavy metal content were not different to in non-polluted soils, and indigenous AM fungi appeared more tolerant to metals than those in non-polluted soils. Mycorrhizal infectivity, expressed as MSI₅₀ values, was significantly correlated (r′=0.89, P< 0.05) with the percentage of germinating G. mosseae spores in the soils. However, the number of spores per volume of soil was not significantly correlated with infectivity or spore germination of the reference strain. The spore germination method is discussed as a bioassay of heavy metal toxicity in soil.  相似文献   

Variation in the distribution of monosaccharides in soil fractions in the mounds of termites with different feeding habits (Senegal)     

Saïdou Sall  Alain Brauman  Saliou Fall  Corinne Rouland  Edouard Miambi  Jean-Luc Chotte 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2002,36(3):232-239

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Model uncertainty in the ecosystem approach to fisheries   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Simeon L. Hill  George M. Watters  ré E. Punt  Murdoch K. McAllister  Corinne Le Quéré  John Turner 《Fish and Fisheries》2007,8(4):315-336

Fisheries scientists habitually consider uncertainty in parameter values, but often neglect uncertainty about model structure, an issue of increasing importance as ecosystem models are devised to support the move to an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). This paper sets out pragmatic approaches with which to account for uncertainties in model structure and we review current ways of dealing with this issue in fisheries and other disciplines. All involve considering a set of alternative models representing different structural assumptions, but differ in how those models are used. The models can be asked to identify bounds on possible outcomes, find management actions that will perform adequately irrespective of the true model, find management actions that best achieve one or more objectives given weights assigned to each model, or formalize hypotheses for evaluation through experimentation. Data availability is likely to limit the use of approaches that involve weighting alternative models in an ecosystem setting, and the cost of experimentation is likely to limit its use. Practical implementation of an EAF should therefore be based on management approaches that acknowledge the uncertainty inherent in model predictions and are robust to it. Model results must be presented in ways that represent the risks and trade‐offs associated with alternative actions and the degree of uncertainty in predictions. This presentation should not disguise the fact that, in many cases, estimates of model uncertainty may be based on subjective criteria. The problem of model uncertainty is far from unique to fisheries, and a dialogue among fisheries modellers and modellers from other scientific communities will therefore be helpful.  相似文献   

SIDEROLEUCOCYTES AS A DIAGNOSTIC AID IN EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANAEMIA     

Corinne K.  Granzien B.V.Sc. L. G. Newton  B.V.Sc.† 《Australian veterinary journal》1968,44(9):406-409

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ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUCOSIS IN SOUTH EAST QUEENSLAND     

D. C. Clague  B.V.Sc  Corinne K.  Granzien  B.Sc. 《Australian veterinary journal》1966,42(5):177-182

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The epidemiology and diagnosis of bluetongue with particular reference to Corsica     

Breard E  Hamblin C  Hammoumi S  Sailleau C  Dauphin G  Zientara S 《Research in veterinary science》2004,77(1):1-8

Bluetongue (BT) and/or BT viruses (BTV) have been identified in the Mediterranean basin and the Balkans each year from 1998 to 2002 and in particular BTV serotype 2 in the French Island of Corsica (2000 and 2001). In response to these virus incursions, the French Veterinary Authorities carried out epidemiological studies that included virological, serological and entomological analysis, and two vaccination campaigns performed in the winter of 2000/2001 and the winter and spring of 2001 and 2002. Rapid and reliable serotype differentiation is essential at the start of an outbreak to allow an early selection of vaccine to control the spread of the virus. Thus, molecular tools, that complement conventional methods, have been developed for early detection of infection, determination of the serotype, and differentiation between natural infection and vaccination. Serological results showed that the first vaccination campaign during the winter of 2000/2001 did not provide full protection for all sheep and during the summer of 2001, 335 sheep flocks in Corsica were again infected by BTV 2 (7-fold more that in 2000). Entomological studies have demonstrated that the only proven vector of the disease, Culicoides imicola, was present in the island in 2000 and that it has successfully established itself in Corsica. The safety and immunogenicity of the commercial South African vaccine were studied. Fourteen sheep were vaccinated and then observed for clinical signs. Blood, sera, spleen and lymph nodes were collected and analyzed, and the results confirmed the safety and potency of using this vaccine to protect sheep from clinical disease. As a result, an intensive vaccination campaign was performed during winter and spring 2001/2002. No cases of BT had been observed by the end of summer 2002, indicating that the vaccination campaign has been successful in protecting sheep from infection.  相似文献   

The Xist RNA gene evolved in eutherians by pseudogenization of a protein-coding gene   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Duret L  Chureau C  Samain S  Weissenbach J  Avner P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5780):1653-1655

The Xist noncoding RNA is the key initiator of the process of X chromosome inactivation in eutherian mammals, but its precise function and origin remain unknown. Although Xist is well conserved among eutherians, until now, no homolog has been identified in other mammals. We show here that Xist evolved, at least partly, from a protein-coding gene and that the loss of protein-coding function of the proto-Xist coincides with the four flanking protein genes becoming pseudogenes. This event occurred after the divergence between eutherians and marsupials, which suggests that mechanisms of dosage compensation have evolved independently in both lineages.  相似文献   

Immune response to Rhodococcus equi ATCC 33701-secreted proteins in mice and identification of immunogenic recombinant proteins by dot-blotting     

Barbey C  Cauchard S  Cauchard J  Laugier C  Hartke A  Petry S 《Research in veterinary science》2012,93(1):172-176

Rhodococcus equi remains a significant pathogen, causing severe pneumonia in foals. The development of vaccines and serologic diagnosis could be greatly facilitated by studying the humoral immune response to this equine pathogen. In this study, a crude extract of R. equi ATCC 33701-secreted proteins combined with the Montanide® ISA70 adjuvant was found to be highly immunogenic in mice with the highest titer of 99,000 on day 42 after the first subcutaneous immunization. This immune response was dependent on the quantity of proteins injected and the presence of adjuvant. By dot-blotting, eight recombinant secreted proteins were identified to react strongly with sera from immunized mice. Of these eight proteins, four were detected as immunogenic only when administered in conjunction with adjuvant. This screening strategy led to the identification of promising new candidates for vaccine development.  相似文献   

Prognostic significance of morphological subtypes in canine malignant lymphomas during chemotherapy     

Ponce F  Magnol JP  Ledieu D  Marchal T  Turinelli V  Chalvet-Monfray K  Fournel-Fleury C 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2004,167(2):158-166

The aim of this study was to determine the response of different morphological subtypes of canine lymphoma to a standardized therapeutic protocol. Diagnosis of lymphoma was based on cytohistological analysis and immunophenotyping with antibodies against CD3 and CD79a of an enlarged lymph node or an extranodal mass. Fifty-seven cases were classified according to the updated Kiel classification adapted to the canine species, into 24 B-cell lymphomas (20 centroblastic polymorphic and four Burkitt-type subtypes), and 33 T-cell lymphomas (10 pleomorphic mixed, 10 lymphoblastic, eight unclassifiable high grade plasmacytoid, and five small clear-cell subtypes). All dogs were clinically staged at diagnosis. The protocol used l-asparaginase, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone. First remission duration and overall survival time were evaluated. Although the T-cell phenotype was associated, on the whole, with a poor prognosis, as previously reported in veterinary and human medicine, the study showed significant prognostic differences between the B- and the T-cell subtypes of canine lymphoma and suggests that clinico-morphological characterization of the disease is justified in dogs, as in humans.  相似文献