Elimination of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in New Zealand: a review of research progress and future directions     

J-H Han  AM Weir  JF Weston  C Heuer  MC Gates 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2018,66(6):273-280

The major impacts of bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) on cattle health and production have prompted many countries to embark on national elimination programmes. These programmes typically involve identifying and removing persistently infected (PI) cattle in infected herds and implementing biosecurity measures, such as pre- or post-movement testing. In order to design a systematic national control programme to eliminate BVD in New Zealand, which achieves the greatest benefits to the industries at the lowest cost to individual farmers, an accurate understanding is necessary of the epidemiology, economics and social motivation for BVD control in New Zealand. In this article we briefly review the pathogenesis of BVD, transmission and diagnosis of BVD virus infection, and effectiveness of vaccination. We summarise the current state of knowledge of the prevalence, risk factors for transmission, and financial impacts of BVD in New Zealand. We describe control programmes in Europe and then discuss the challenges that must be addressed to design a cost-effective national control programme to eliminate BVD in New Zealand.  相似文献   

Colour‐Doppler ultrasound imaging as a laparoscopy substitute to count corpora lutea in superovulated sheep          下载免费PDF全文

PHN Pinto  GM Bragança  MFA Balaro  EKN Arashiro  GB dos Santos  GN de Souza  JMG Souza‐Fabjan  JF Da Fonseca  FZ Brandão 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2018,53(1):266-269

This study evaluated colour‐Doppler ultrasound imaging (UI) as a substitute for laparoscopy to count the corpora lutea (CL) in superovulated sheep. Twenty‐five Santa Ines ewes were superovulated three times at 21‐day intervals. Corpora lutea were counted by colour‐Doppler UI (CL_DOPPLER) 6 days after each superovulation and confirmed by laparoscopy (CL_LAP) 12 hr later. The mean number of CL was similar for both techniques (2.1 ± 2.5 vs. 2.1 ± 2.7 for CL_DOPPLER and CL_LAP, respectively) with a significant positive correlation (r = .94; r²=.89). Colour‐Doppler UI effectively evaluated the ovarian response in superovulated ewes and efficiently identified animals that did not respond to superovulation.  相似文献   

Pre‐Selection Test to Identify High Responder Donor Goats          下载免费PDF全文

MFA Balaro  FZ Brandão  ALRS Maia  JMG Souza‐Fabjan  MI Cueto  AE Gibbons  JF Fonseca 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2016,51(3):386-391

The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of pre‐selection of high or low responder does prior to the superovulatory protocols. Twenty Saanen does received 800 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) at the end of long‐term progestogen treatment. Fourteen days later, a second progestogen protocol associated with a multiple‐dose follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) treatment (5 IU/kg of FSH, in six decreasing doses between days 4 to 6 of the protocol) was administered. Transrectal ultrasound was used to assess the follicular status at the beginning of superovulatory treatments, at the oestrous onset and on the seventh day of the oestrous cycle for counting corpora lutea (CL). A significant lower number of CL was obtained in eCG‐treated in comparision with FSH‐treated does (p < 0.05). A quartic regression was able to explain the relationship between the number of CL in response to both treatments (r²=0.50; p < 0.05). Seventy per cent (14 of 20) of does maintained the same ovulatory response (high or low) after treatments. The Kappa (κ = 0.40; p < 0.05) and Spearman (rs = 0.39; p = 0.08) coefficients were able to show a relationship between treatments. Regarding the follicular status, there is a significant relationship between the number of small follicles (r = 0.71; r²=0.47; p < 0.01) and total follicles (r = 0.60; p < 0.01) at eCG and first FSH dose with the number of CL. Moreover, it was found a negative relationship between the presence of large follicles and the number of CL in response to eCG treatment (r = ?0.44; p < 0.05), but not from FSH (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the screening test with eCG has the potential to identify Saanen does that will better respond to the superovulatory protocol with FSH. In addition, it highlighted the importance of an ultrasound evaluation prior to the beginning of superovulatory treatments with FSH to characterize the follicular status and identify the potential donors of high ovulatory response in MOET programmes in goats.  相似文献   

Abortion in goats by Caprine alphaherpesvirus 1 in Spain          下载免费PDF全文

J Gonzalez  G Passantino  A Esnal  N Cuesta  JA García Vera  L Mechelli  A Saez  JF García Marín  M Tempesta 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2017,52(6):1093-1096

An abortion outbreak occurred in a goat herd of Murciano‐Granadina breed in Almeria Region in Spain where 80 pregnant females aborted. All bacteriological and parasitological examinations resulted negative, whereas virological investigations and real‐time PCR assay showed the presence of Caprine alphaherpesvirus 1 DNA in the pathological specimens from aborted foetuses. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the DNA was highly close related to the Swiss strain E‐CH (99.7%) and a little less extent to the Italian BA.1 strain (99.4%). Histopathological examination revealed multifocal, well‐circumscribed, 50‐ to 200‐μm‐diameter foci of coagulative necrosis in the liver, lungs and kidneys of three foetuses. In the periphery of the necrosis, there were frequently epithelial cells with the chromatin emarginated by large, round, amphophilic intranuclear viral inclusion bodies. The source of the infection in the herd could not clearly find out even some hypothesis were formulated. This seems to be the first report of an abortion outbreak due to Caprine alphaherpesvirus 1 in a goat herd in Spain.  相似文献   

Effects of GnRH,a progesterone‐releasing device,and energy balance on an oestrus synchronisation program in anoestrous dairy cows          下载免费PDF全文

SK Sahu  JF Cockrem  TJ Parkinson  RA Laven 《Australian veterinary journal》2017,95(8):281-288

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The importance of trifluoromethyl pyridines in crop protection          下载免费PDF全文

Adam Burriss  Andrew JF Edmunds  Daniel Emery  Roger G Hall  Olivier Jacob  Jürgen Schaetzer 《Pest management science》2018,74(6):1228-1238

The pyridine ring, substituted by a trifluoromethyl substituent has been successfully incorporated into molecules with useful biological properties. During the period 1990 to September 2017, 14 crop protection products bearing a trifluoromethyl pyridine have been commercialized or proposed for an ISO common name, covering fungicides, herbicides, insecticides and nematicides. Chemical processes have been developed to provide trifluoromethyl pyridine intermediates, from non‐fluorinated pyridine starting materials, at scale and with affordable costs of goods. These attractive starting materials were readily adopted by research chemists, and elaborated through simple chemical modifications into new active ingredients. In a second approach, substituted trifluoromethyl pyridine rings have been constructed from acyclic, trifluoromethyl starting materials, which again has served to identify new active ingredients. Molecular matched pair analysis reveals subtle, yet important differences in physicochemical and agronomic properties of trifluoromethyl pyridines compared with the phenyl analogues. This review focuses on the past 27 years, seeking to identify reasons behind the success of such research programmes, and inspire the search for new crop protection chemicals containing the trifluoromethyl pyridine ring. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Polyolefin spheres from metallocenes supported on noninteracting polystyrene   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

SB Roscoe  JMJ Frechet  JF Walzer  AJ Dias 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,280(5361):270-273

To obviate the destructive interaction of highly reactive metallocene catalysts with classical silica-based supports while retaining the advantage of supported catalysts, a noninteracting polystyrene support was developed. Supported catalysts for the polymerization of alpha-olefins are prepared by treating lightly cross-linked, chloromethylated polystyrene beads consecutively with a secondary amine, an ammonium salt of a weakly coordinating anion, and a neutral dialkylmetallocene. Catalytic sites are distributed homogeneously throughout the support particle, and the polymerization occurs within the bead, in contrast to traditional surface-supported metallocene catalysts. The copolymerization of ethylene and 1-hexene at 40 degreesC affords discrete spherical polyolefin beads with a size (0.3 to 1.4 millimeters) that varies according to the polymerization time.  相似文献   

Assessing whether dairy cow welfare is “better” in pasture-based than in confinement-based management systems     

JF Mee  LA Boyle 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2020,68(3):168-177

ABSTRACT

Consumers perceive pasture-based systems of milk production as natural and therefore better for cow welfare than confinement systems. However both systems are heterogeneous and continually evolving, varying from total confinement to total pasture with many hybrid intermediaries. To compare the welfare of dairy cows in these various systems, we use the three spheres framework, comprising biological functioning, natural behaviour and affective states. Considering biological functioning, pasture-based cows are less at risk of subclinical and clinical mastitis, claw lesions, lameness, metritis, early embryonic mortality, culling and mortality, but at more risk of internal parasitism, malnutrition and delayed onset of oestrous activity postpartum than confined cows. Regarding natural behaviours, pasture-based cows exhibit less agonistic behaviour, better lying behaviour, more normal oestrous behaviours and better synchronicity of behaviours than confined cows. They also have the opportunity to graze, which is one of the main features of the behavioural repertoire of dairy cows, but, they may also experience long periods away from pasture in larger herds, and severe climatic stresses which will become increasingly important as the climate changes. Our current ability to assess the affective state of dairy cows is poor. For example, hunger is an important subjective state that cannot be measured directly. The growing focus on ensuring that animals have lives worth living, means that dairy cows should garner some positive emotions from their lives, and it seems clear that pasture access is essential for this. Clearly measurement of affective state is an important challenge for future dairy cow welfare research. At the extremes of management systems, there can be major differences in animal welfare but in hybrid systems, dairy cows experience elements of both confinement and pasture which may ameliorate the negative effects of each on cow welfare. Ultimately, the optimal system gives cows an element of choice between both environments. Moreover management of the system, whether it is confinement or pastured-based, may be as important as the system of management in ensuring good dairy cow welfare and addressing societal concerns.

Abbreviations: BCS: Body condition score; TMR: Total mixed ration  相似文献   

Analysis of soil wetting and solute transport in subsurface trickle irrigation   总被引：17，自引：2，他引：17  

Claire M. Cote  Keith L. Bristow  Philip B. Charlesworth  Freeman J. Cook  Peter J. Thorburn 《Irrigation Science》2003,22(3-4):143-156

The increased use of trickle or drip irrigation is seen as one way of helping to improve the sustainability of irrigation systems around the world. However, soil water and solute transport properties and soil profile characteristics are often not adequately incorporated in the design and management of trickle systems. In this paper, we describe results of a simulation study designed to highlight the impacts of soil properties on water and solute transport from buried trickle emitters. The analysis addresses the influence of soil hydraulic properties, soil layering, trickle discharge rate, irrigation frequency, and timing of nutrient application on wetting patterns and solute distribution. We show that (1) trickle irrigation can improve plant water availability in medium and low permeability fine-textured soils, providing that design and management are adapted to account for their soil hydraulic properties, (2) in highly permeable coarse-textured soils, water and nutrients move quickly downwards from the emitter, making it difficult to wet the near surface zone if emitters are buried too deep, and (3) changing the fertigation strategy for highly permeable coarse-textured soils to apply nutrients at the beginning of an irrigation cycle can maintain larger amounts of nutrient near to and above the emitter, thereby making them less susceptible to leaching losses. The results demonstrate the need to account for differences in soil hydraulic properties and solute transport when designing irrigation and fertigation management strategies. Failure to do this will result in inefficient systems and lost opportunities for reducing the negative environmental impacts of irrigation.Communicated by J. Annandale  相似文献   

Assessing the usefulness of B‐mode and colour Doppler sonography,and measurements of circulating progesterone concentrations for determining ovarian responses in superovulated ewes          下载免费PDF全文

MEF Oliveira  IF Ribeiro  MGK Rodriguez  GS Maciel  JF Fonseca  FZ Brandão  PM Bartlewski 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2018,53(3):742-750

The main goal of this study was to assess the usefulness of two imaging modalities, namely the B‐mode and colour Doppler sonography, and serum progesterone (P₄) concentrations for determining the ovarian response in superovulated ewes. Twenty‐four sexually mature Santa Inês ewes underwent the superovulatory treatment consisting of eight injections of porcine FSH (total dose of 200 or 133 or 100 mg; n  =  8 ewes/total dose) given at 12‐hr intervals and initiated 48 hr before CIDR ^® (Pfizer Inc., Auckland, New Zealand) removal. Six days after natural mating, the ovaries of all donor ewes were visualized and examined with transrectal ultrasonography and then with videolaparoscopy to identify and enumerate corpora lutea (CL ) and luteinized unovulated follicles (LUF s). Jugular blood samples were collected just prior to ovarian examinations. The total number of CL (r  =  .78 and 0.83, p  <  .0001) and LUF s (r  =  .74 and 0.90, p  <  .0001) enumerated using the B‐mode and colour Doppler ultrasonographic technique, respectively, were correlated with that ascertained by videolaparoscopy. Circulating concentrations of P₄ were related directly to the number of healthy CL (r  =  .73, p  =  .0002) and inversely to the number of prematurely regressing CL (r  = ?.46, p  =  .03), but the accuracy of predicting the number of short‐lived CL with serum P₄ concentrations was very poor. The present results indicate that ultrasonographic imaging and serum P₄ measurements on the day of embryo recovery are useful indicators of total/normal CL numbers and both ultrasonographic techniques can be used to quantify LUF s in superovulated ewes.  相似文献