Grain sorghum response and Palmer amaranth control with postemergence application of fluthiacet-methyl     

Seshadri S. Reddy  Phillip W. Stahlman  Patrick W. Geier  Brent W. Bean  Tim Dozier 《国际虫害防治杂志》2014,60(3):147-152

Palmer amaranth is a problematic weed in grain sorghum production in central United States. Due to limited herbicide options available and ever increasing herbicide-resistant weed species, there is a demand for new mode-of-action herbicides for use in grain sorghum. Fluthiacet-methyl is a relatively new active ingredient that inhibits the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase in target plants. Field studies were conducted at three sites in central United States in 2010 and 2011 to evaluate crop response and Palmer amaranth control with postemergence application of fluthiacet-methyl in grain sorghum. Treatments included fluthiacet-methyl at 4.8 and 7.2 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha^?1 alone and tank-mixed with 2,4-D amine at 260 g acid equivalent (a.e.) ha^?1 or atrazine at 840 g a.i. ha^?1. Carfentrazone at 8.8 g a.i. ha^?1, atrazine at 840 g ha^?1, and a non-treated control were also included. Fluthiacet-methyl treatments caused 9–38% crop injury at 4 ± 1 days after treatment. Tank-mixing atrazine with fluthiacet-methyl seldom affected crop injury, while mixing 2,4-D with fluthiacet-methyl often reduced crop injury. Generally, injury caused by fluthiacet-methyl alone or in combination with atrazine or 2,4-D disappeared within 3 weeks after treatment. Grain yields were reduced in one trial, when 2,4-D mixed with 4.8 or 7.2 g ha^?1 of fluthiacet-methyl caused 18% and 13% plant lodging and 24% and 14% grain yield loss, respectively. Across site-years, fluthiacet-methyl alone at 4.8 or 7.2 g ha^?1 provided 55–95% control of Palmer amaranth. Greater Palmer amaranth control (≥75%) with fluthiacet-methyl alone was achieved when weeds were small or density was low at the time of spraying. Tank-mixing atrazine with fluthiacet-methyl increased Palmer amaranth control and sorghum yields considerably. Tank-mixing 2,4-D with fluthiacet-methyl also increased Palmer amaranth control, but to lesser extent and less consistently than with atrazine. Results indicated that fluthiacet-methyl has potential for use in grain sorghum to combat weeds resistant to acetolactase synthase-inhibitors, triazines, and synthetic auxin herbicides. Tank-mixing atrazine or 2,4-D with fluthiacet-methyl is desirable for effective Palmer amaranth control.  相似文献   

Identifying innate immune pathways of the chicken may lead to new antiviral therapies     

Karpala AJ  Lowenthal JW  Bean AG 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2012,145(1-2):100-109

Fractalkine, also known as CX(3)CL1, is a unique chemokine that mediates inflammatory responses and is involved in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans. In this study, we isolated cDNAs encoding canine fractalkine and its receptor CX(3)CR1, and assessed the biological activity of these molecules. The deduced amino acid sequence of the canine fractalkine cDNA showed 66% and 57% identity to human and mouse homologs, respectively. The N-terminal chemokine domain of the canine fractalkine showed 68% and 65% identity to human and mouse counterparts, respectively. The canine CX(3)CR1 amino acid sequence showed close homology to its human (83% identity) and mouse (81% identity) counterparts. Fractalkine and CX(3)CR1 mRNA were detected in all tissues in this study. Relatively higher expression levels of fractalkine mRNA were observed in the brain, medulla spinalis, small intestine, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), whereas higher expression levels of CX(3)CR1 mRNA were observed in the medulla spinalis, brain, liver, small intestine, and MLNs. The cross-reactivities of anti-human fractalkine antibody and anti-rat CX(3)CR1 antibody to canine proteins were confirmed using recombinant canine fractalkine and a cell line overexpressing canine CX(3)CR1, respectively. A transwell chemotaxis assay showed that the recombinant canine fractalkine induced migration in canine lymphoid cells expressing CX(3)CR1. The present study will be useful in understanding the canine immune system and the immunopathogenesis of canine inflammatory diseases.  相似文献   

Semiochemicals to enhance herbivory by Diorhabda carinulata aggregations in saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) infestations          下载免费PDF全文

Alexander M Gaffke  Sharlene E Sing  Tom L Dudley  Daniel W Bean  Justin A Russak  Agenor Mafra‐Neto  Paul A Grieco  Robert KD Peterson  David K Weaver 《Pest management science》2018,74(6):1494-1503

BACKGROUND

Semiochemicals for monitoring, attracting or repelling pest and beneficial organisms are increasingly deployed in agricultural and forest systems for pest management. However, the use of aggregation pheromones and host‐plant attractants for the express purpose of increasing the efficacy of classical biological control agents of weeds has not been widely reported. Therefore, we conducted field‐based assays to determine if a specialized wax‐based matrix impregnated with an aggregation pheromone of the northern tamarisk beetle Diorhabda carinulata (Desbrochers) or host‐plant volatiles could increase the efficacy of D. carinulata.

RESULTS

The aggregation pheromone and host‐plant volatiles were formulated for field application using a wax‐based matrix. Reported release rates suggest that this matrix is a viable formulation for enhancing D. carinulata aggregations under field conditions. Pheromone‐treated saltcedar plants (Tamarix spp.) not only had higher densities of adult and larval D. carinulata, but also sustained greater levels of foliar damage than control plants. Increased damage from the focused feeding of D. carinulata caused an increase in foliar dieback and decrease in live canopy volume of semiochemical‐treated plants.

CONCLUSION

Field deployment of these semiochemical formulations could be useful in directing populations of D. carinulata for increased impact on Tamarix spp. © 2018 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

Efficacy of postemergence herbicides tankmixes in aryloxyphenoxypropionate-resistant grain sorghum   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M. Joy M. Abit  Kassim Al-Khatib  Brian L. Olson  Phillip W. Stahlman  Patrick W. Geier  Curtis R. Thompson  Randall S. Currie  Alan J. Schlegel  Johnathon D. Holman  Kurt A. Hudson  Douglas E. Shoup  Michael J. Moechnig  W. James Grichar  Brent W. Bean 《Crop Protection》2011,30(12):1623-1628

The development of aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP)-resistant grain sorghum could provide additional opportunities for postemergence herbicide grass control in grain sorghum. Field experiments were conducted in Texas (Bushland, and Yoakum), Kansas (Dodge City, Garden City, Hays, Manhattan, Colby, Ottawa, and Tribune), and South Dakota (Highmore) to evaluate the efficacy of quizalofop tank mixes in APP-resistant grain sorghum. Quizalofop was applied alone or in combination with dicamba, 2,4-D, prosulfuron, 2,4-D + metsulfuron methyl, or halosulfuron methyl + dicamba. Herbicides were applied when sorghum was 12–50 cm in height. Overall weed control was greater when quizalofop was applied with other herbicides than when applied alone. At 2 and 4 weeks after treatment (WAT), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.), and green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.] control were greater than 90% when quizalofop was applied alone or in combination with dicamba, halosulfuron methyl + dicamba, or prosulfuron. Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.), puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris L.), and tumble pigweed (Amaranthus albus L.) control were greater than 90% in all treatments except when quizalofop was applied alone. Herbicide treatments, except those that included 2,4-D, caused slight to no sorghum injury. Grain sorghum yield was greater for all herbicide treatments compared to the weedy check. This research showed that application of quizalofop in combination with broadleaf weed herbicides provided excellent weed control in sorghum.  相似文献   

Sodium dodecyl sulfate capillary electrophoresis of wheat proteins. 1. Uncoated capillaries.     

S R Bean  G L Lookhart 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》1999,47(10):4246-4255

Four different polymer/buffer systems (a commercial polymer from Bio-Rad, dextran, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and non-crosslinked poly(acrylamide)) were evaluated for use in sodium dodecyl sulfate capillary electrophoresis (SDS-CE) separations of wheat proteins. These polymers were chosen on the basis of published reports of their use in uncoated or dynamically coated capillaries. Each polymer was optimized (where possible) by manipulating the polymer concentration and buffer concentration, and through the use of organic modifiers such as methanol and ethylene glycol. The addition of ethylene glycol to the separation buffer was found to improve the resolution of the separations, despite dilution of the sieving polymers. When PEO was used as the sieving polymer, however, no improvement was seen when ethylene glycol was added. Despite producing similar separations of molecular mass markers, the polymers did not all produce similar wheat protein separations. The commercial reagent and dextran produced similar separations, while the poly(acrylamide) produced faster separations than either. The poly(acrylamide) displayed much lower resolution in the 40-60 kDa range than the other polymers, though this polymer was able to separate the high molecular mass glutenin subunits (HMM-GS) without the use of added organic solvent. PEO produced much different wheat protein separations than the other polymers, despite similar separations of the molecular weight markers. This may have been due to interaction between the wheat proteins and PEO. Each polymer system also predicted different molecular masses of the various wheat protein fractions separated, with the PEO and poly(acrylamide) grossly overestimating the masses for all protein classes. This could have been due to protein-polymer interactions. Further work was done with the Bio-Rad buffer modified by the addition of ethylene glycol. Several different wheat protein fractions as well as proteins extracted from several different cultivars were separated with this buffer and compared. SDS-CE separations were also compared to SDS-poly(acrylamide) gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and several differences in the migration pattern of HMM-GS were noted.  相似文献   

Enhancement of cation diffusion rates across the 410-kilometer discontinuity in Earth's mantle     

S Chakraborty  R Knoche  H Schulze  DC Rubie  D Dobson  NL Ross  RJ Angel 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1999,283(5400):362-365

Rates of cation diffusion (magnesium, iron, and nickel) have been determined in olivine and its high-pressure polymorph, wadsleyite, at 9 to 15 gigapascals and 1100 degrees to 1400 degreesC for compositions that are relevant to Earth's mantle. Diffusion in olivine becomes strongly dependent on composition at high pressure. In wadsleyite, diffusion is one to two orders of magnitude faster than in olivine, depending on temperature. Homogenization of mantle heterogeneities (chemical mixing) and mineral transformations involving a magnesium-iron exchange will therefore occur considerably faster in the transition zone than at depths of less than 410 kilometers.  相似文献   

Use of SDS to Extract Sorghum and Maize Proteins for Free Zone Capillary Electrophoresis (FZCE) Analysis     

S. R. Bean  C. Hicks  M. Tuinstra  G. L. Lookhart 《Cereal Chemistry》2001,78(1):84-87

Two different extraction methods for extracting sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.) storage proteins for free zone capillary electrophoresis (FZCE) analysis were compared. A traditional solvent based on 60% t‐butanol was compared with a pH 10 borate buffer containing the anionic detergent SDS followed by precipitation of nonkafirins using 60% t‐butanol. FZCE analysis of both types of extracts showed identical patterns, despite the fact that the SDS should have given all proteins equal charge‐to‐mass ratios. This methodology was also successfully applied to maize proteins. The use of t‐butanol to precipitate nonkafirins, combined with electrophoresis at low pH, is thought to have removed the SDS from the storage proteins. The SDS extraction procedure produced more stable extracts for FZCE analysis. These extracts could also be used directly for SDS capillary electrophoresis (SDS‐CE) separations. Kafirins from 15 genotypes were extracted with this procedure and analyzed by FZCE and SDS‐CE. Resolution of the kafirins by FZCE was much higher than the SDS‐CE, demonstrating that the kafirin proteins possessed a high level of charge density variability within a relatively small molecular size distribution. Two distinct groups of α‐kafirins could be seen in the FZCE electropherograms.  相似文献   

Suspected malignant hyperthermia in a horse anaesthetized with halothane     

DC Williams  RJ Brosnan  MR Aleman  RA LeCouteur  A Imai  EP Steffey 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2002,29(2):91-91

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Movement and persistence of [14C]imidacloprid in sugar-beet plants following application to pelleted sugar-beet seed     

Fahimeh Westwood  Kathy M. Bean  Alan M. Dewar  Richard H. Bromilow  Keith Chamberlain 《Pest management science》1998,52(2):97-103

[¹⁴C]Imidacloprid was applied to pelleted seeds of sugar beet which were then grown in pots of field soil. Leaves, roots and soil were analysed at intervals up to 97 days after planting and the distributions of parent compound and of several metabolites were quantified. At the first sampling, 21 days after application, parent imidacloprid was the main compound found in the leaves and its concentration averaged 15·2 μg g^-1 fresh weight. By the 25-leaf stage, 97 days after sowing, the concentration of parent compound in the leaves had fallen to an average of 0·5 μg g^-1; the metabolites and parent compound in the leaves then represented respectively 44·5% and 4·5% of the total applied radioactivity. In the root at 97 days, parent imidacloprid and its metabolites together accounted for only 0·1% of the applied activity, whilst in the soil there was 23% of parent compound and 4% as metabolites. The persistence of both parent imidacloprid and the olefinic metabolite, which has recently been shown to have higher aphicidal activity than the parent imidacloprid, explains the prolonged control of aphids observed with imidacloprid in both glasshouse and field trials. © 1998 SCI.  相似文献   

Influence of Salts and Aggregation of Gluten Proteins on Reduction and Extraction of High Molecular Weight Glutenin Subunits of Wheat     

S. R. Bean  G. L. Lookhart 《Cereal Chemistry》1998,75(1):75-79

High-molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) of wheat were extracted by various combinations of reducing agents, salt solutions, and solvents. Preferential extraction of 1D-encoded HMW-GS occurred when flours were extracted with Tris-HCl SDS buffer at pH 6.8 containing 6% mercaptoethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (MESNA) and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Similar effects were also found when dithiothreitol or β-mercaptoethanol were used in conjunction with nonchaotropic salts. If flours were first extracted with 50% 1-propanol, the extraction procedure yielded all HMW-GS, even in the presence of MESNA or high levels of salts. Addition of alcohols or chaotropes to the Tris buffer solutions containing MESNA or of solutions containing salt also extracted all HMW-GS. The HMW-GS reported most important in baking quality were found preferentially extracted by nonchaotropic salts and reducing agents. This is related to gluten aggregation and the gliadin-glutenin interaction and structure.  相似文献