Heterogeneous reaction probabilities, solubilities, and the physical state of cold volcanic aerosols     

Toon O  Browell E  Gary B  Lait L  Livingston J  Newman P  Pueschel R  Russell P  Schoeberl M  Toon G  Traub W  Valero FP  Selkirk H  Jordan J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1993,261(5125):1136-1140

On 19 January 1992, heterogeneous loss of HNO(3), ClNO(3), and HCl was observed in part of the Mount Pinatubo volcanic cloud that had cooled as a result of forced ascent. Portions of the volcanic cloud froze near 191 kelvin. The reaction probability of ClNO(3) and the solubility of HNO(3) were close to laboratory measurements on liquid sulfuric acid. The magnitude of the observed loss of HCl suggests that it underwent a heterogeneous reaction. Such reactions could lead to substantial loss of HCl on background sulfuric acid particles and so be important for polar ozone loss.  相似文献   

A virus in a fungus in a plant: three-way symbiosis required for thermal tolerance   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Márquez LM  Redman RS  Rodriguez RJ  Roossinck MJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,315(5811):513-515

A mutualistic association between a fungal endophyte and a tropical panic grass allows both organisms to grow at high soil temperatures. We characterized a virus from this fungus that is involved in the mutualistic interaction. Fungal isolates cured of the virus are unable to confer heat tolerance, but heat tolerance is restored after the virus is reintroduced. The virus-infected fungus confers heat tolerance not only to its native monocot host but also to a eudicot host, which suggests that the underlying mechanism involves pathways conserved between these two groups of plants.  相似文献   

The global circulation of seasonal influenza A (H3N2) viruses     

Russell CA  Jones TC  Barr IG  Cox NJ  Garten RJ  Gregory V  Gust ID  Hampson AW  Hay AJ  Hurt AC  de Jong JC  Kelso A  Klimov AI  Kageyama T  Komadina N  Lapedes AS  Lin YP  Mosterin A  Obuchi M  Odagiri T  Osterhaus AD  Rimmelzwaan GF  Shaw MW  Skepner E  Stohr K  Tashiro M  Fouchier RA  Smith DJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,320(5874):340-346

Antigenic and genetic analysis of the hemagglutinin of approximately 13,000 human influenza A (H3N2) viruses from six continents during 2002-2007 revealed that there was continuous circulation in east and Southeast Asia (E-SE Asia) via a region-wide network of temporally overlapping epidemics and that epidemics in the temperate regions were seeded from this network each year. Seed strains generally first reached Oceania, North America, and Europe, and later South America. This evidence suggests that once A (H3N2) viruses leave E-SE Asia, they are unlikely to contribute to long-term viral evolution. If the trends observed during this period are an accurate representation of overall patterns of spread, then the antigenic characteristics of A (H3N2) viruses outside E-SE Asia may be forecast each year based on surveillance within E-SE Asia, with consequent improvements to vaccine strain selection.  相似文献   

Homologs of small nucleolar RNAs in Archaea     

Omer AD  Lowe TM  Russell AG  Ebhardt H  Eddy SR  Dennis PP 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,288(5465):517-522

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AAV vector integration sites in mouse hepatocellular carcinoma     

Donsante A  Miller DG  Li Y  Vogler C  Brunt EM  Russell DW  Sands MS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5837):477

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EDWARD CHARLES PICKERING     

Russell HN 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1919,49(1259):151-155

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Stimulated Raman scattering in hydrogen-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber     

Benabid F  Knight JC  Antonopoulos G  Russell PS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,298(5592):399-402

We report on stimulated Raman scattering in an approximately 1-meter-long hollow-core photonic crystal fiber filled with hydrogen gas under pressure. Light was guided and confined in the 15-micrometer-diameter hollow core by a two-dimensional photonic bandgap. Using a pulsed laser source (pulse duration, 6 nanoseconds; wavelength, 532 nanometers), the threshold for Stokes (longer wavelength) generation was observed at pulse energies as low as 800 +/- 200 nanojoules, followed by a coherent anti-Stokes (shorter wavelength) generation threshold at 3.4 +/- 0.7 microjoules. The pump-to-Stokes conversion efficiency was 30 +/- 3% at a pulse energy of only 4.5 microjoules. These energies are almost two orders of magnitude lower than any other reported energy, moving gas-based nonlinear optics to previously inaccessible parameter regimes of high intensity and long interaction length.  相似文献   

Soliton self-frequency shift cancellation in photonic crystal fibers     

Skryabin DV  Luan F  Knight JC  Russell PS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,301(5640):1705-1708

We report the cancellation of the soliton self-frequency shift in a silica-core photonic crystal fiber with a negative dispersion slope. Numerical and experimental results show that stabilization of the soliton wavelength is accompanied by exponential amplification of the red-shifted Cherenkov radiation emitted by the soliton. The spectral recoil from the radiation acts on the soliton to compensate for the Raman frequency shift. This phenomenon may find applications in the development of a family of optical parametric amplifiers.  相似文献   

Cooperation, control, and concession in meerkat groups     

Clutton-Brock TH  Brotherton PN  Russell AF  O'Riain MJ  Gaynor D  Kansky R  Griffin A  Manser M  Sharpe L  McIlrath GM  Small T  Moss A  Monfort S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,291(5503):478-481

"Limited control" models of reproductive skew in cooperative societies suggest that the frequency of breeding by subordinates is determined by the outcome of power struggles with dominants. In contrast, "optimal skew" models suggest that dominants have full control of subordinate reproduction and allow subordinates to breed only when this serves to retain subordinates' assistance with rearing dominants' own litters. The results of our 7-year field study of cooperative meerkats, Suricata suricatta, support the predictions of limited control models and provide no indication that dominant females grant reproductive concessions to subordinates to retain their assistance with future breeding attempts.  相似文献   

South Korea. Radical reforms would shake up leading science institute     

Russell M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,307(5713):1181

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