Response of four winter wheat cultivars to triallate     

Peter N. Mascia  W. Randy Deaton  Thomas L. Beil  Dale F. Loussaert 《Euphytica》1988,37(2):111-116

Summary Genetic variation among four winter wheat cultivars for response to treatment with triallate was examined. The cultivars showed differential tolerance based on stand count, however, differential tolerance was not seen for any of the other traits examined including visual score, and the mature plant traits, tiller count and yield. Significant effects due to increasing the rate of chemical were observed. An increase in yield was seen at the 0.5 and 1.0 kg/ha rates of triallate. This yield increase was paralleled by trends toward increasing seed number/head and tiller number/unit area. The results indicate that the effect of triallate on wheat has two components. The first component, toxicity, is seen on all cultivars, but the extent of damage varies significantly among cultivars. The second component is positive and leads to an increase in yield without interacting significantly with genotype.  相似文献   

Conflicts between Amur (Siberian) tigers and humans in the Russian Far East     

John M. Goodrich  Ivan Seryodkin  Dale G. Miquelle  Sergei L. Bereznuk 《Biological conservation》2011,(1):584-592

In 1999, the Russian Federation created a Tiger Response Team (TRT) to investigate and intervene in human–tiger conflicts. We examined data collected on human-Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) conflicts from January 2000 through February 2009 to: (1) summarize and characterize human–tiger conflicts in the area, (2) examine causes of human–tiger conflicts, and (3) attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of the TRT. The team investigated 202 conflicts. Both attacks on humans and depredations were greatest in winter (X² = 9, df = 3, P = 0.03 and X² = 64, df = 3, P < 0.001, respectively). Tiger depredation on domestic animals was the most common type of conflict reported (57%), followed by tigers near human habitations (22%), miscellaneous conflicts (12%), and attacks on humans (9%). Dogs were killed more commonly than other domestic animals (63% of 254 animals), likely because livestock were well managed. Nineteen attacks on humans were recorded resulting in 11 injuries and 2 deaths. Nearly four tigers per year (n = 32 tigers) died, were killed, or were removed from the wild, and all but 1 of 20 tigers killed or removed from the wild by the TRT were considered unfit to survive in the wild. Attacks on humans (n = 19) were most often (77%) by wounded tigers (80% of injuries were human-caused) and commonly provoked (47% of attacks). The effectiveness of interventions focused on reducing depredation on domestic animals was unclear, but data suggested that removal of injured and other unhealthy tigers from the wild by the Tiger Response Team resulted in fewer human deaths. Our recommendations include that the TRT continues to work to reduce conflict by rapidly removing debilitated tigers from the wild, explores different methods and technologies for reducing depredation on domestic animals, and increases their efforts to maintain tigers in the wild through telemetry monitoring, translocation, and rehabilitation of orphaned cubs. Further, standardized data should be collected to evaluate all interventions, with information from evaluation guiding an adaptive management component of their human–tiger conflict mitigation activities. This process should occur across tiger landscapes in Asia to allow rapid assessment of interventions.  相似文献   

Effects of lignin‐modified Populus tremuloides on soil organic carbon     

Raysa Roque‐Rivera  Alan F. Talhelm  Dale W. Johnson  Vincent L. Chiang  Kurt S. Pregitzer 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2011,174(5):818-826

Several genes in the aspen genome have been modified to generate stem wood with lower lignin content and an altered lignin composition. Lower lignin in wood reduces the time and energy required for pulping. Further, this modification can also increase the allocation of photosynthate to cellulose and total biomass production, potentially increasing CO₂‐sequestration capacity. However, widespread planting of trees with altered lignin content and composition could alter soil organic‐C dynamics in complex ways. To further examine the effects of altered lignin biosynthesis on plant growth and accrual of soil organic C (SOC), we conducted a repeated greenhouse study with four lines of transgenic aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and one wild‐type (control) aspen. Accrual of aspen‐derived SOC was quantified by growing aspen trees (C3 plants) in C4 soil and measuring changes in the natural abundance of δ¹³C. We measured plant growth, biomass, and C content and combined these data with SOC measurements to create C budgets for the plant mesocosms. Lignin modifications resulted in differences in the accrual of aspen‐derived SOC and total mesocosm C, primarily due to differences in biomass between genetically modified lines of aspen. One genetic alteration (low lignin, line 23) was able to perform similarly or better than the wild‐type aspen (control, line 271) without altering SOC. Alterations in lignin structure (S : G ratios) had negative effects on biomass production and SOC formation. The addition of new (aspen‐derived) SOC was proportional to the loss of existing SOC, evidence for a priming effect. The pool of new SOC was related to total plant biomass, suggesting that the effects of lignin modification on SOC are driven by changes in plant growth.  相似文献   

Swainsonine and endophyte relationships in Astragalus mollissimus and Astragalus lentiginosus   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Cook D  Gardner DR  Grum D  Pfister JA  Ralphs MH  Welch KD  Green BT 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(4):1281-1287

Locoweeds are defined as Astragalus and Oxytropis species that induce locoism due to the toxic alkaloid swainsonine. Swainsonine was detected in all parts of Astragalus lentiginosus and Astragalus mollissimus , with greater concentrations found in the aboveground parts. Undifilum oxytropis , a fungal endophyte responsible for the synthesis of swainsonine, was detected in all plant parts of A. lentiginosus and A. mollissimus. The amount of endophyte within a plant part does not always correspond to the concentration of swainsonine in the same part. Plants of A. mollissimus and A. lentiginosus can be divided into two chemotypes: those that contain swainsonine (>0.1%; chemotype 1) and those that contain little or no detectable swainsonine (<0.01%; chemotype 2). Chemotype 1 plants in both species had quantitatively higher amounts of endophyte compared to chemotype 2 plants. Swainsonine and endophyte amounts were not uniformly distributed within stalks of the same plant. For that reason, repeated sampling of stalks from the same plant during one growing season may provide misleading results. Sequence variants of U. oxytropis exist within populations of A. mollissimus, A. lentiginosus, and Oxytropis sericea and do not correlate with chemotype. These findings suggest several possible reasons for differential concentrations of swainsonine that will be tested in future work.  相似文献   

Developing an online professional network for veterinary education: the NOVICE project     

Baillie S  Kinnison T  Forrest N  Dale VH  Ehlers JP  Koch M  Mándoki M  Ciobotaru E  de Groot E  Boerboom TB  van Beukelen P 《Journal of veterinary medical education》2011,38(4):395-403

An online professional network for veterinarians, veterinary students, veterinary educationalists, and ICT (Information and Communication Technology) educationalists is being developed under the EU (European Union) Lifelong Learning Programme. The network uses Web 2.0, a term used to describe the new, more interactive version of the Internet, and includes tools such as wikis, blogs, and discussion boards. Focus groups conducted with qualified and student veterinarians within the project's five founding countries (The Netherlands, Germany, United Kingdom, Hungary, Romania) demonstrated that online professional communities can be valuable for accessing information and establishing contacts. Online networks have the potential to overcome common challenges to face-to-face communities-such as distance, cost, and timing-but they have their own drawbacks, such as security and professionalism issues. The Network Of Veterinary ICt in Education (NOVICE) was developed using Elgg, an open-source, free social networking platform, after several software options had been considered. NOVICE aims to promote the understanding of Web 2.0, confidence to use social software tools, and participation in an online community. Therefore, the Web site contains help sections, Frequently Asked Questions, and access to support from ICT experts. Five months after the network's launch (and just over one year into the project) 515 members from 28 countries had registered. Further research will include analysis of a core group's activities, which will inform ongoing support for and development of informal, lifelong learning in a veterinary context.  相似文献   

Clinical veterinary students' perceptions of a 'Day one' skills guide     

Duncan C  Dale VH  Pead MJ 《The Veterinary record》2011,169(1):13

Veterinary schools in the UK are required by the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons to ensure that their students have attained essential 'Day one' skills (DOS) by graduation. To aid students' understanding of how they could satisfy this requirement, the Royal Veterinary College produced a DOS guide, which was distributed in the 2007 to 2008 academic year to students in the third and fourth years of the professional veterinary course. The same students were surveyed towards the end of the 2008 to 2009 session about the guide, when they were in the fourth and final years, to rate its usefulness and to indicate their perceived levels of competence, both currently and expected at graduation. Focus group discussions were subsequently conducted to explore the findings of the survey. Responses from 88 fourth-year (39 per cent) and 174 (87 per cent) final-year students revealed that while almost all respondents were aware of the DOS guide, their use of it was low. Final-year students rated themselves as being more competent than fourth-year students, but were less optimistic about their expected level of competence regarding several invasive procedures, which some students considered to be 'unattainable' by graduation, despite the apparent value of extramural studies and intramural rotations in providing opportunities for learning.  相似文献   

Eating patterns and nutritional characteristics associated with sleep duration     

Kim S  DeRoo LA  Sandler DP 《Public health nutrition》2011,14(5):889-895

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Cattle Grazing Toxic Delphinium andersonii in South-Central Idaho     

James A. Pfister  Daniel Cook  Dale R. Gardner 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2011,64(6):664-668

Anderson larkspur (Delphinium andersonii A. Gray) is a toxic plant responsible for cattle death losses in the western United States. The objectives of the present study were to determine when cattle consumed Anderson larkspur in relation to plant phenology and toxicity, and to determine if animal age influenced selection of Anderson larkspur. These grazing studies were conducted on semiarid sagebrush rangeland near Picabo, Idaho. Eight 6–7-yr-old mature Angus cows were used in 2008, whereas during 2009, 12 Angus cattle were used, including six yearling heifers and six 4-yr-old cows. The overall density of Anderson larkspur was 2.8 plants · m^?2 during 2008, and 4.9 plants · m^?2 during 2009. Total toxic alkaloid concentrations in Anderson larkspur plants were near or above 5 mg · g^?1 during both studies. During 2008 consumption peaked during the late flower and pod stage of growth. Overall in 2008 cows ate 3% of their bites as larkspur. During 2009 heifers ate about twice as much Anderson larkspur as did mature cows (5.1% of bites vs. 2.9%, respectively). Heifers repeatedly consumed sufficient larkspur that they collapsed; however, no animals were fatally intoxicated. Heifers appeared to become transiently averted to larkspur; however, heifers resumed consumption of D. andersonii after a period of one to several days of low or no consumption. Livestock management to reduce losses to Anderson larkspur should include timed grazing to avoid infested pastures during full flower to pod phenological stages, and grazing with older animals rather than yearling heifers.  相似文献   

Potassium chloride as a euthanasia agent in psittacine birds: Clinical aspects and consequences for histopathologic assessment     

Raghav R  Taylor M  Guincho M  Smith D 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2011,52(3):303-306

Twelve parrots anesthetized with isoflurane were euthanized intravenously (IV) with 3 or 10 mEq/kg body weight (BW) of potassium chloride (KCl) resulting in ventricular asystole at 68.0 s and 32.8 s, respectively. Mild vocalization (1/6 birds, 3 mEq/kg BW) and involuntary muscle tremors (5/6 birds, 10 mEq/kg BW) were noted. Unlike barbiturates or T-61 no histologic artefacts resulted from this technique.  相似文献   

Opossum Nematodiasis: Diagnosis and Treatment of Stomach,Intestine, and Lung Nematodes in the Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana)     

Kenneth Dale Jones 《Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine》2013,22(4):375-382

Internal parasitic infections are common in the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana). More than 50 different species of nematodes have been identified from the genus Didelphis. Of them, 3 can cause significant illness to native opossums in Southern California, 2 gastrointestinal nematodes and 1 pulmonary nematode. This article provides an overview of the life cycles, methods for identification, pathologic findings, diagnostic tests, clinical signs, and options for treating these common nematode species.  相似文献