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31.
Dani Eshel Refael Regev Janeta Orenstein Samir Droby Shmuel Gan-Mor 《Postharvest Biology and Technology》2009,54(1):48-52
Combining different control methods can improve control efficacy, increase the spectrum of controlled pathogens and reduce the possibility of resistance development. To be successful, however, the different methods need to be compatible: the first treatment should not have any deleterious effect on the succeeding one; preferably, it should contribute to its efficacy. In the last few years, carrot growers in Israel have begun to brush carrots before storage to remove the outer peel of the root. In the present study we show that this practice enhances the appearance of Black Root Rot during storage, a postharvest disease caused by the fungus Thielaviopsis basicola. The chemical fungicide iprodione is usually applied before storage to reduce the development of postharvest diseases. We evaluated the efficacy of combining physical, low-residue chemical and biological control agents as an alternative to the conventional chemical control approach. A technology for the precise application of steam and combined application with stabilized hydrogen peroxide (Tsunami® 100) or a yeast commercial product (Shemer™) were tested. Used alone, both the steam and Tsunami were highly effective at reducing disease decay but were phytotoxic to the roots. Application of combined treatments of sublethal steam followed by a sublethal dosage of Tsunami or Shemer improved efficacy and disease control by 80 and 86%, respectively. These combinations showed a synergistic effect as compared to each of the treatments alone. The same pattern, effecting up to 54% disease control, was observed with the non-compatible combination of applying Tsunami first, washing it off with water and then applying Shemer. Thus disease-control agents can potentially be used for a short period, then washed off, if needed, and efficiently followed by application of a biological control agent. The biological pathway and mode of action are still under investigation but to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to mathematically demonstrate synergistic effects of sublethal treatments applied sequentially to control postharvest disease as a potential method to reduce the use of chemicals in fruit and vegetables. 相似文献
32.
David Sánchez-Gomez Miguel A. Zavala Daniël B. Van Schalkwijk Itziar R. Urbieta Fernando Valladares 《Annals of Forest Science》2008,65(6):605-605
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Ketamine inhibits LPS-induced tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in an equine macrophage cell line 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lankveld DP Bull S Van Dijk P Fink-Gremmels J Hellebrekers LJ 《Veterinary research》2005,36(2):257-262
Ketamine is widely used in equine anaesthesia. Beside its anaesthetic and analgesic properties, ketamine possesses a cytokine-modulating activity. However, to date, no data are available regarding the inhibitory effect of ketamine on the cytokine response in horses. In horses, cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of equine endotoxaemia following gastrointestinal disorders. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the influence of ketamine on LPS-induced TNF-alpha and IL-6 formation in an equine macrophage cell line (eCAS cells). The results demonstrate a cytokine-modulating activity of ketamine in an equine cell line, suggesting a beneficial role for ketamine in the treatment of equine endotoxaemia. 相似文献
36.
Rhodes SG Gruffydd-Jones T Gunn-Moore D Jahans K 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2008,124(3-4):379-384
There are currently no reliable immunodiagnostic tests for feline tuberculosis. Infection of domestic cats in the UK is thought to occur via their contact with the relevant reservoir of infection, e.g. cattle and badgers for Mycobacterium bovis, and rodents for M. microti. In the African National Parks, where M. bovis infection of Bovidae is an increasing problem, transmission to big cats is occurring via their ingestion of infected carcasses. We have adapted feline ELISA and ELISPOT assays to potentially provide the first cell-based diagnostic test for the detection of tuberculosis in cats. We tested peripheral blood mononuclear cell antigen-specific IFN-gamma responses of 18 cats suspected of mycobacterial infection for which biopsy material was co-submitted to the Veterinary Laboratories Agency for mycobacterial culture and identification. Seventeen cats were tested by ELISA while seven cats were tested by ELISPOT (six cats were tested by both ELISA and ELISPOT). Six healthy control cats provided baseline data for these tests. Responses to bovine and avian tuberculins (PPDB and PPDA) and a protein cocktail of ESAT6 and CFP10 were measured, together with positive mitogen (PMA and calcium ionophore) and negative (medium) controls. Overall, both ELISPOT and ELISA tests were found to be suitable for generating rapid results (2 and 4 days, respectively), which provided good predictive information for M. bovis and M. microti infections, but were unable to reliably discern M. avium infection. 相似文献
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Samuel Gan-Mor Rafi Regev Asher Levi Dani Eshel 《Postharvest Biology and Technology》2011,59(3):265-271
Postharvest carrots are brushed, hydro-cooled to 4–6 °C and treated with chemical fungicide before storage to prevent soft rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary during storage. Replacement of the fungicide with high-temperature surface heat treatment poses a dilemma: excessive heating will cause damage whereas insufficient heating will result in incomplete disinfection. This problem is further compounded by the difficulty in providing uniform surface heating. To alleviate this problem, a system for the uniform application of high-temperature short-duration steam disinfection was developed using accurate real-time temperature monitoring of individual produce segments by thermal imaging. Uniform short-duration high-temperature heat was delivered from above by steam jets combined with electric steam-drying elements and reflectors. Produce was subjected to rotational and linear motions to expose each surface segment to the same amount of heat. The novel use of thermal imaging to monitor surface temperature in steam systems was essential for determining transferred heat and heating uniformity in a treated object. The resultant, uniform application of short-duration high-temperature steam provided surface heat-disinfection with minimal internal heating and damage. Application of the steam treatment immediately after carrot hydro-cooling reduced post-storage phytotoxic color change by 60–80% and resulted in significantly reduced sensitivity to post-storage soft rots caused by S. sclerotiorum. Carrot sprouting was not increased by the steam treatment, suggesting retention of the hydro-cooling's physiological effect. These results suggest that precise heat treatment can be optimally applied after hydro-cooling to improve postharvest quality of carrots in a procedure that is harmless to man and the environment. 相似文献
39.
Gunn-Moore DA McVee J Bradshaw JM Pearson GR Head E Gunn-Moore FJ 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2006,8(4):234-242
The life expectancy of domestic pet cats is increasing, along with the occurrence of geriatric-onset behavioural problems, such as cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS). While the cause of CDS is unclear, it has been suggested that it may result from age-related neurodegeneration. In aged and in particular senile human beings, histopathological changes may include the extracellular accumulation of plaque-like deposits of beta-amyloid (Abeta) protein and the intracellular accumulation of an abnormally hyperphosphorylated form of the microtubule-associated protein, tau. In severe cases, the latter may form into neurofibrillary tangles. Brain material was assessed from 19 cats, aged from 16 weeks to 14 years; 17 of which had clinical signs of neurological dysfunction. Immunohistochemical methods were used to detect Abeta and its intracellular precursor protein (amyloid precursor protein (APP)) and hyperphosphorylated-tau. APP was constitutively expressed, with diffuse staining of neurons and blood vessels being detected in all cats. More intense staining and diffuse extracellular Abeta staining deposits were found within the deep cortical areas of the anterior- and occasionally mid-cerebrum of seven cats, all of which were over 10 years of age. Neurons staining intensely positive for AT8-immunoreactivity were seen in two cats, aged 11 and 13 years. However, no mature neurofibrillary tangles were detected. This study demonstrated that extracellular Abeta accumulation and AT8-immunoreactivity within neurons are age-related phenomena in cats, and that they can occur concurrently. There are similarities between these changes and those observed in the brains of aged people and other old mammals. 相似文献
40.
Bruno Dani?ls Anke De landtsheer Rozemarijn Dreesen Mark W. Davey Johan Keulemans 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2012,134(4):821-833
Apple scab, the most important disease of apple worldwide, is caused by Venturia inaequalis. Currently, evaluation of fungal pathogenicity and host resistance is based on a symptomatic disease rating. However, this method does not provide an accurate measurement of the degree of infection and cannot detect early fungal development in symptomless leaves. In this study, a Venturia-specific real-time PCR assay was developed using primers designed around the specific internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of the 5.8S rRNA gene. Using SYBR? Green I technology, the assay can accurately quantify Venturia DNA over a concentration range of at least five orders of magnitude. Detection sensitivities were in the order of 100?fg. The method was used to quantify Venturia genomic DNA levels in leaves of three apple cultivars with different levels and types of scab resistance and artificially infected with V. inaequalis. The assay clearly discriminated between Venturia levels in monogenic resistant (‘Topaz’), polygenic resistant (‘Discovery’), and susceptible (‘Golden Delicious’) cultivars, and proved especially useful to quantify pathogen levels during the initial latent stage of infection. The real-time PCR data of ‘Golden Delicious’ were consistent with the observed evolution of the degree of sporulation during a time-course experiment. Although measurements were influenced by the presence of co-extracted PCR-inhibitors, the impact of these compounds was independent of the apple cultivar or the initial amount of fungal DNA present. In conclusion, real-time PCR amplification of the ITS2-5.8S rDNA of Venturia spp. is a faster, more objective and more sensitive method to monitor fungal growth and to evaluate host resistance than phenotypic disease rating scores. 相似文献