Validation of Diagnostic Methods for European Foulbrood on Commercial Honey Bee Colonies in the United States     

Meghan O&#x;Grady Milbrath  Peter Daniel Fowler  Samuel K Abban  Dawn Lopez  Jay D Evans 《Journal of insect science (Online)》2021,21(6)

One of the most serious bacterial pathogens of Western honey bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus [Hymenoptera: Apidae]) is Melissococcus plutonius, the cause of the disease European foulbrood. Because European foulbrood is highly variable, with diverse outcomes at both the individual and colony levels, it is difficult to diagnose through visual inspection alone. Common lab diagnostic techniques include microscopic examination and molecular detection through PCR. In 2009, a lateral flow device was developed and validated for field diagnosis of European foulbrood. At the time, M. plutonius was thought to be genetically homogenous, but we have subsequently learned that this bacterium exists as multiple strains, including some strains that are classified as ‘atypical’ for which the lateral flow device is potentially less effective. These devices are increasingly used in the United States, though they have never been validated using strains from North America. It is essential to validate this device in multiple locations as different strains of M. plutonius circulate in different geographical regions. In this study, we validate the field use of the lateral flow device compared to microscopic examination and qPCR on larval samples from 78 commercial honey bee colonies in the United States with visual signs of infection. In this study, microscopic diagnosis was more sensitive than the lateral flow device (sensitivity = 97.40% and 89.47%, respectively), and we found no false positive results with the lateral flow device. We find high concurrence between the three diagnostic techniques, and all three methods are highly sensitive for diagnosing European foulbrood.  相似文献   

Integrating space and time: a case for phenological context in grazing studies and management     

Dawn M. BROWNING  Sheri SPIEGAL  Richard E. ESTELL  Andres F. CIBILS  Raul H. PEINETTI 《农业科学与工程前沿(英文版)》2018,5(1):44

In water-limited landscapes, patterns in primary production are highly variable across space and time. Livestock grazing is a common agricultural practice worldwide and a concern is localized overuse of specific pasture resources that can exacerbate grass losses and soil erosion. On a research ranch in New Mexico with average annual rainfall of 217 mm, we demonstrate with a quantitative approach that annual seasons vary greatly and examine foraging patterns in Angus-Hereford (Bos taurus) cows. We define five seasonal stages based on MODIS NDVI: pre-greenup, greenup, peak green, drydown and dormant, and examine livestock movements in 2008. Daily distance traveled by cows was greater and foraging area expanded during periods with higher precipitation. A regression model including minimum NDVI, rainfall and their interaction explained 81% of the seasonal variation in distance traveled by cows (P<0.01). Cows explored about 81 ha·d⁻¹ while foraging, but tended to explore smaller areas as the pasture became greener (greenup and peak green stages). Cows foraged an average of 9.7 h daily and spent more time foraging with more concentrated search patterns as pastures became greener. Our findings suggest that phenological context can expand the capacity to compare and integrate findings, and facilitate meta-analyses of grazing studies conducted at different locations and times of year.  相似文献   

Detection of fluoroquinolone resistance level in clinical canine and feline Escherichia coli pathogens using rapid real-time PCR assay     

Bashar W. Shaheen  Chengming Wang  Calvin M. Johnson  Bernhard Kaltenboeck  Dawn M. Boothe   《Veterinary microbiology》2009,139(3-4):379-385

Fluoroquinolones are used to treat infections caused by Escherichia coli in canine and feline veterinary patients, particularly those infecting the urinary tract. The gyrA gene is a primary target causing fluoroquinolone resistance in Gram negative coliforms, with mutations in codons 83 and 87 generally associated with high-level of resistance E. coli clinical isolates. We have developed a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) quantitative PCR to identify enrofloxacin-resistance in clinical E. coli isolates that carry mutations in codons 83 and 87 of gyrA. This real-time quantitative PCR assay is rapid, economical, and sensitive compared with cultured antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The assay identified as few as four genome copies per reaction from culture and 19 genome copies in urine. For the 70 isolates tested, the sensitivity was 87.5% (95% CI = 75–95.3%) (n = 42/48), specificity was 100% (95% CI = 87.3–100%) (n = 22/22), whereas accuracy was 91.4% (95% CI = 82.3–97%) (n = 64/70). Furthermore, we were able to accurately differentiate between the wild type and mutants E. coli directly from infected canine urine samples (n = 5) within 2 h. These results were confirmed by sequence alignments of the PCR products and comparison with the susceptibility testing. The FRET-PCR assay appears to have promising clinical application as an early diagnostic tool for rapid and sensitive detection and differentiation of the level of fluoroquinolone resistance among clinical E. coli isolates that may facilitate design of the dosing regimen.  相似文献   

Spatial Inference of Nitrate Concentrations in Groundwater     

Dawn B. Woodard  Robert L. Wolpert  Michael A. O’Connell 《Journal of Agricultural, Biological & Environmental Statistics》2010,15(2):209-227

We develop a method for multiscale estimation of pollutant concentrations, based on a nonparametric spatial statistical model. We apply this method to estimate nitrate concentrations in groundwater over the mid-Atlantic states, using measurements gathered during a period of 10 years. A map of the fine-scale estimated nitrate concentration is obtained, as well as maps of the estimated county-level average nitrate concentration and similar maps at the level of watersheds and other geographic regions. The fine-scale and coarse-scale estimates arise naturally from a single model, without refitting or ad hoc aggregation. As a result, the uncertainty associated with each estimate is available, without approximations relying on high spatial density of measurements or parametric distributional assumptions.  相似文献   

Single vaccination provides limited protection to ducks and geese against H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus     

Eggert D  Swayne DE 《Avian diseases》2010,54(4):1224-1229

Since 2002, high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) has spread from Asia to Europe and into Africa, causing the largest epizootic of HPAI of the last 50 yr, including infecting domestic and wild waterfowl. Our study was conducted to investigate whether a single vaccination of 7-day-old domestic ducks and geese with inactivated oil emulsion vaccines resulted in protection against HPAI virus challenge at 30 days of age. In ducks, some but not all vaccines decreased oropharyngeal and cloacal viral shedding for different periods postchallenge when compared with the sham group. In geese, decreased morbidity signs and mortality were noted but limited to some vaccines. Best protection was seen with a vaccine homologous to HPAI challenge virus. Limited decreases in oropharyngeal and cloacal viral shedding and mixed results were attained when looking at seroconversion. Our results indicate a single dose of oil-emulsified vaccine optimized for chickens did not provide adequate protection for ducks and geese against HPAI virus, and, at a minimum, additional research is needed to formulate waterfowl-specific vaccines.  相似文献   

Determination of the concentrations of trilostane and ketotrilostane that inhibit ex vivo canine adrenal gland synthesis of cortisol, corticosterone, and aldosterone     

McGraw AL  Whitley EM  Lee HP  Boothe DM  Behrend EN 《American journal of veterinary research》2011,72(5):661-665

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Evaluation of the contribution of gyrA mutation and efflux pumps to fluoroquinolone and multidrug resistance in pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from dogs and cats     

Shaheen BW  Boothe DM  Oyarzabal OA  Wang C  Johnson CM 《American journal of veterinary research》2011,72(1):25-32

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Extracellular vesicular microRNAs as potential biomarker for early detection of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity     

Amelie Beaumier  Sally R. Robinson  Nicholas Robinson  Katherine E. Lopez  Dawn M. Meola  Lisa G. Barber  Barret J. Bulmer  Jerome Calvalido  John E. Rush  Ashish Yeri  Saumya Das  Vicky K. Yang 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2020,34(3):1260-1271

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Rapid phase adjustment of melatonin and core body temperature rhythms following a 6-h advance of the light/dark cycle in the horse     

Barbara A Murphy  Jeffrey A Elliott  Dawn R Sessions  Mandi M Vick  Erin L Kennedy  Barry P Fitzgerald 《Journal of circadian rhythms》2007,5(1):5-9

Background  

Rapid displacement across multiple time zones results in a conflict between the new cycle of light and dark and the previously entrained program of the internal circadian clock, a phenomenon known as jet lag. In humans, jet lag is often characterized by malaise, appetite loss, fatigue, disturbed sleep and performance deficit, the consequences of which are of particular concern to athletes hoping to perform optimally at an international destination. As a species renowned for its capacity for athletic performance, the consequences of jet lag are also relevant for the horse. However, the duration and severity of jet lag related circadian disruption is presently unknown in this species. We investigated the rates of re-entrainment of serum melatonin and core body temperature (BT) rhythms following an abrupt 6-h phase advance of the LD cycle in the horse.  相似文献   

Identifying resistance in wild and ornamental cherry towards bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae     

Michelle T. Hulin  Andrea Vadillo Dieguez  Francesca Cossu  Samantha Lynn  Karen Russell  Helen C. Neale  Robert W. Jackson  Dawn L. Arnold  John W. Mansfield  Richard J. Harrison 《Plant pathology》2022,71(4):949-965

Bacterial canker is a major disease of stone fruits and is a critical limiting factor to sweet cherry (Prunus avium) production worldwide. One important strategy for disease control is the development of resistant varieties. Partial varietal resistance in sweet cherry is discernible using shoot or whole tree inoculations; however, these quantitative differences in resistance are not evident in detached leaf assays. To identify novel sources of resistance to canker, we used a rapid leaf pathogenicity test to screen a range of wild cherry, ornamental Prunus species and sweet cherry × ornamental cherry hybrids with the canker pathogens, Pseudomonas syringae pvs syringae, morsprunorum races 1 and 2, and avii. Several Prunus accessions exhibited limited symptom development following inoculation with each of the pathogens, and this resistance extended to 16 P. syringae strains pathogenic on sweet cherry and plum. Resistance was associated with reduced bacterial multiplication after inoculation, a phenotype similar to that of commercial sweet cherry towards nonhost strains of P. syringae. Progeny resulting from a cross of a resistant ornamental species Prunus incisa with susceptible sweet cherry (P. avium) exhibited resistance indicating it is an inherited trait. Identification of accessions with resistance to the major bacterial canker pathogens is the first step towards characterizing the underlying genetic mechanisms of resistance and introducing these traits into commercial germplasm.  相似文献