Demographic histories and patterns of linkage disequilibrium in Chinese and Indian rhesus macaques     

Hernandez RD  Hubisz MJ  Wheeler DA  Smith DG  Ferguson B  Rogers J  Nazareth L  Indap A  Bourquin T  McPherson J  Muzny D  Gibbs R  Nielsen R  Bustamante CD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,316(5822):240-243

To understand the demographic history of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and document the extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the genome, we partially resequenced five Encyclopedia of DNA Elements regions in 9 Chinese and 38 captive-born Indian rhesus macaques. Population genetic analyses of the 1467 single-nucleotide polymorphisms discovered suggest that the two populations separated about 162,000 years ago, with the Chinese population tripling in size since then and the Indian population eventually shrinking by a factor of four. Using coalescent simulations, we confirmed that these inferred demographic events explain a much faster decay of LD in Chinese (r(2) approximately 0.15 at 10 kilobases) versus Indian (r(2) approximately 0.52 at 10 kilobases) macaque populations.  相似文献   

Hepatotoxicity of phenobarbital in dogs: 18 cases (1985-1989).     

B Dayrell-Hart  S A Steinberg  T J VanWinkle  G C Farnbach 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1991,199(8):1060-1066

The medical records of 18 dogs that had hepatic disease and received phenobarbital as an anticonvulsant for 5 to 82 months were reviewed. Clinical signs included sedation and ataxia in all dogs, 5 dogs were also anorectic, 2 had coagulopathy, 3 were icteric, and 5 had ascites. Serum biochemical analysis revealed serum albumin concentration less than or equal to 2.2. g/dl in 12 dogs, serum alkaline phosphatase activity greater than or equal to 169 U/L in 18 dogs, serum alanine transaminase activity greater than or equal to 57 U/L in 15 dogs, and total bilirubin concentration greater than or equal to 1 mg/dl (in the absence of lipemia) in 7 dogs. Serum phenobarbital concentration was greater than or equal to 40 micrograms/ml in 12 of 17 dogs. Sulfobromophthalein excretion was prolonged in 8 of 10 dogs. Preprandial serum bile acid concentrations were high in 8 of 10 dogs, and 2-hour postprandial serum bile acid concentrations were high in 9 of 10 dogs. Two of 4 dogs tested had resting plasma ammonia concentrations greater than 200 mg/dl. An ammonia tolerance test was performed on 2 other dogs; both had ammonia concentration greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl in the plasma 30 minutes after receiving 100 mg of ammonium chloride/kg of body weight, PO. Nine dogs died, 1 was euthanatized, and necropsies were performed on these 10 dogs. Biopsies and necropsies of 6 dogs revealed chronic hepatic fibrosis with nodular regeneration (cirrhosis). One dog had hepatocellular carcinoma and mild cirrhosis. In 1 dog, after phenobarbital had been withheld, necropsy revealed complete recovery of the previously observed lesions.  相似文献   

Evaluation of craniotomy in dogs and cats   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

G W Niebauer  B L Dayrell-Hart  J Speciale 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1991,198(1):89-95

Over a reporting period of 5 years, craniotomy was performed in 26 dogs and 5 cats with various intracranial lesions. X-ray computed tomography was performed in all animals prior to surgery. Twenty dogs and all cats had intracranial neoplasms; of these, 14 were meningioma, and 11 represented a wide variety of brain tumors and skeletal tumors. Three dogs were treated surgically for traumatic, open-skull fractures with cerebral damage, and 3 underwent biopsy to evaluate chronic inflammatory brain disease. The overall medium survival time was 212 days, the 1-year survival rate was 39%, and the 2-year survival rate was 20%. Dogs and cats with meningioma survived a mean 198 and 485 days, respectively, with 1-year survival rates of 30% for dogs and 50% for cats. The overall median survival time for animals with tumors other than meningeal intracranial neoplasms was 414 days, with a 1-year survival rate of 40%. The death of 19% of all animals could be related to the combination of advanced brain disease and surgery. Because fatality seldom occurred as a direct result of surgery, morbidity and mortality associated with craniotomy in pet animals can be seen as acceptably low. In 29 of 34 craniotomies, dura mater defects were left unsutured and no adverse effects were seen.  相似文献   

Fine tuning the history and physical examination: correlations with miscellaneous techniques     

Bond BR 《Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice》2005,20(3):203-210

It may be unusual to think of a physical examination as a technique, but what better "instruments" do we have than our eyes, our ears, and our hands? Therefore, I will describe several "techniques" that I felt should be included in this journal, but that do not warrant an article of their own. This article will cover some parts of the routine physical examination, correct positioning of cats and consequences of bad positioning, radiographic techniques that will help diagnose heart failure more consistently, examination of dogs with lower airway disease, and examination of cats with aortic thromboembolism (ATE). Several "pearls" that may get lost in the other information is sprinkled throughout the article.  相似文献   

Efficacy and Toxicity of Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide Used in the Treatment of Selected Malignant Tumors in 23 Cats   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

Guy Neal Mauldin DVM    Robert E. Matus DVM  MS    Amiya K. Patnaik BVSc  MVSc    Betsy R. Bond DVM  Samantha C. Mooney MA 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》1988,2(2):60-65

Twenty-three cats with malignant, nonhematopoietic tumors were treated with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. Fourteen cats had nonresectable tumors of the mammary gland, and nine had tumors of the oral cavity. Of the cats with mammary gland adenocarcinoma, seven cats had a partial response to treatment and seven cats had no response. Of the cats with oral tumors, one cat had a complete response, three cats had a partial response, and five cats had no response. All 23 cats are dead because of tumor progression or recurrence. Toxic effects were seen in 18 of the cats; most were transient and required no alteration in the treatment protocol. A high response rate combined with acceptable toxicity warrants further evaluation of combination doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy in cats with nonhematopoietic neoplasia.  相似文献   

Doxorubicin-lnduced Cardiotoxicosis Clinical Features in 32 Dogs     

Glenna E. Mauldin DVM    Philip R. Fox DVM  MS    Amiya K. Patnaik BVSc  MVSc    Betsy R. Bond DVM    Samantha C. Mooney MA  Robert E. Matus DVM  MS 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》1992,6(2):82-88

Clinical cardiac abnormalities developed in 32 of 175 dogs that had various malignancies and were treated with doxorubicin: 31 dogs had electrocardiographic abnormalities including arrhythmias and nonspecific alterations in the R wave, ST segment, or QRS duration and 7 dogs had congestive heart failure. All seven dogs that had congestive heart failure died within 90 days. At necropsy, 13 of 32 affected dogs had noninflammatory myocardial degeneration, myocytolysis, vacuolation, and/or fibrosis and there was intramural coronary arteriosclerosis in all 13. Five dogs with lymphosarcoma were in complete clinical remission when they died of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy, but the overall survival times of the lymphosarcoma subset was nevertheless longer than in previous studies. The clinical use of doxorubicin in the dog can cause cardiotoxicosis but the therapeutic benefit appears to outweigh risks in most dogs.  相似文献   

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of carfentanil and naltrexone in female common eland (Taurotragus oryx).     

Alexander Cole  Adrian Mutlow  Ramiro Isaza  James W Carpenter  David E Koch  Robert P Hunter  Betsy L Dresser 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2006,37(3):318-326

The pharmacokinetic parameters of carfentanil and naltrexone were determined in the common eland (Taurotragus oryx). Six adult females were immobilized with xylazine (0.23 +/- 0.03 mg/kg i.m.) and carfentanil (0.0169 +/- 0.0005 mg/kg i.m.) for a 45-min period, during which time routine health care procedures were performed. Heart and respiration rates and body temperatures were monitored throughout the immobilization period. A single intramuscular injection of naltrexone (1.66 +/- 0.08 mg/kg i.m.) was sufficient for reversal. The eland were intermittently restrained in a hydraulic squeeze chute for serial blood sample collection via jugular venipuncture during immobilization and up to 48 hr post-immobilization. The quantification of carfentanil and naltrexone in the plasma was performed by liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy methods. Carfentanil was rapidly absorbed following administration, with the peak plasma concentration (C(max)) at 13.8 min. Naltrexone was readily absorbed and reached C(max) at 23.4 +/- 16.8 min after administration. All animals stood 2.7 +/- 2.2 min after naltrexone administration. Carfentanil has a half-life of 7.7 hr, whereas naltrexone has a much shorter half-life of 3.7 hr. Although respiratory rates appeared to fluctuate widely among animals, heart rates and body temperature remained stable throughout the immobilization. Renarcotization was not noted as a major complication.  相似文献   

Oxalate and phytate concentrations in seeds of soybean cultivars [Glycine max (L.) Merr.     

Horner HT  Cervantes-Martinez T  Healy R  Reddy MB  Deardorff BL  Bailey TB  Al-Wahsh I  Massey LK  Palmer RG 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(20):7870-7877

This study analyzed soybean seeds from 116 cultivars for total, insoluble, and soluble oxalate (Ox), phytate (InsP6), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) because of their potential beneficial or harmful effects on human nutrition. These cultivars were divided into four groups (A-D) on the basis of the year and geographic location where they were grown. Oxalate concentration ranged from about 82 to 285 mg/100 g of dry seed. The InsP6 concentration ranged from 0.22 to 2.22 g/100 g of dry seed. There was no correlation between Ox and InsP6 within or among the four groups of cultivars. There was a significant correlation between total Ox and Ca, but not Mg, in group D cultivars (r = 0.3705; p < 0.0005). No significant relationship was found in the group A-C cultivars. Eleven group D cultivars had InsP6 less than 500 mg/100 g, but all had total Ox of 130 mg/100 g or greater. Five cultivars from groups A-C had relatively low InsP6 (group B; < or =1.01 g/100 g) and low Ox (<140 mg/100 g). These cultivars could be useful for producing soy foods beneficial to populations at risk for kidney stones and for improved mineral bioavailability. The Ox and InsP6 concentrations of the cultivars indicate that choosing specific parents could generate seeds in succeeding generations with desirable Ox and InsP6 concentrations.  相似文献