Evaluation of circulating amino terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentration in dogs with respiratory distress attributable to congestive heart failure or primary pulmonary disease     

Fine DM  DeClue AE  Reinero CR 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2008,232(11):1674-1679

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate assessment of circulating amino terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentration as a means to discriminate between congestive heart failure and primary pulmonary disease in dogs. DESIGN: Prospective case series. ANIMALS: 46 dogs with signs of respiratory distress or coughing. PROCEDURES: All dogs underwent physical and thoracic radiographic examinations. Dogs with evidence of heart disease (eg, murmur, arrhythmia, or large cardiac silhouette detected by radiography) also underwent echocardiography. Dogs with no evidence of heart disease or failure were included if they underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (with cytologic examination and bacterial culture of the lavage fluid). Blood samples for NT-proBNP assay were obtained within 12 hours of the diagnosis of heart failure or prior to bronchoalveolar lavage in dogs with primary pulmonary disease. Circulating concentrations of NT-proBNP were compared between groups and correlated with radiographic and echocardiographic measures of cardiac size. RESULTS: Congestive heart failure and primary pulmonary disease were diagnosed in 25 and 21 dogs, respectively. Dogs with congestive heart failure had significantly higher median serum or plasma NT-proBNP concentration (2,554 pmol/L; interquartile [25% to 75%] range, 1,651.5 to 3,475.5 pmol/L) than dogs with primary pulmonary disease (357 pmol/L; interquartile range, 192.5 to 565.5 pmol/L). Radiographic vertebral heart score and echocardiographic left atrial-to-aortic diameter ratio were not correlated with NT-proBNP concentration. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (measured echocardiographically) and NT-proBNP concentration were weakly correlated. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Serum or plasma NT-proBNP concentration assessment may be useful for discrimination of congestive heart failure from primary pulmonary disease in dogs with respiratory distress or cough.  相似文献   

The effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus infections on health and performance of feedlot cattle     

Booker CW  Abutarbush SM  Morley PS  Guichon PT  Wildman BK  Jim GK  Schunicht OC  Pittman TJ  Perrett T  Ellis JA  Appleyard G  Haines DM 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2008,49(3):253-260

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections (unapparent acute infections and persistent infections) on the overall health and performance of feedlot cattle. Calves from 25 pens (7132 calves) were enrolled in the study. Overall and infectious disease mortality rates were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in pens categorized at arrival as positive for type I BVDV and lower in pens that were positive for type II BVDV than in negative pens. Mortality attributed to BVDV infection or enteritis was significantly more common (P < 0.05) in the pens containing persistently infected (PI) calves than in pens not containing PI calves (non-PI pens). There were no statistically detectable (P > or = 0.05) differences in morbidity, overall mortality, average daily gain, or the dry matter intake to gain ratio between PI and non-PI pens. Although type-I BVDV infections in feedlots appear to contribute to higher mortality rates, the presence of PI calves alone does not appear to have a strong impact on pen-level animal health and feedlot performance.  相似文献   

Optimization and validation of a flow cytometric method for immunophenotyping peripheral blood lymphocytes from cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)     

Baker DL  Finco-Kent DL  Reagan WJ  Conklyn MJ  Kawabata TT 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2008,37(1):42-48

BACKGROUND: Guidelines published by the Food and Drug Administration and Center for Human Medicinal Products describe the need to assess immunotoxic effects in nonclinical studies that evaluate drug toxicity, including the use of immunophenotyping to measure immunotoxicity. We are not aware of previous studies, however, that have validated methods for immunophenotyping peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in whole blood samples from cynomolgus monkeys. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to optimize and validate a flow cytometric assay for immunophenotyping lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of cynomolgus monkeys. METHODS: A series of prevalidation experiments were done to determine optimal reagents, volumes, timing, and other procedural details of the flow cytometric assay. Using the optimized method, we then determined precision, interindividual variation, laboratory-to-laboratory variability, and sample stability. Stabilized human blood was used as a positive control for staining, processing, and analysis. The percentage and number of pan-T cells (CD3+), T-helper cells (CD3+4+), T cytotoxic/suppressor cells (CD3+8+), natural killer cells (CD3-16+), and B-cells (CD3-20+) were determined in 146 male and 140 female, clinically healthy monkeys and reference intervals were calculated. RESULTS: By doing 4-color staining with a lyse-wash method, intra- and interassay precision were <5% for all lymphocyte subsets. Variability between technicians and laboratories was minimal (CVs<3%). Samples were stable for up to 24 hours after staining and fixing. CONCLUSIONS: The validated method is extremely robust and can be performed under good laboratory practice conditions to support nonclinical studies. Reference intervals for lymphocyte subsets were similar to those previously reported.  相似文献   

Pharmacokinetics and physiologic/behavioral effects of buprenorphine administered sublingually and intravenously to neonatal foals     

Tamara L. Grubb  Danielle Kurkowski  Deborah C. Sellon  Kathy K. Seino  Todd Coffey  Jennifer L. Davis 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2019,42(1):26-36

Buprenorphine is absorbed following sublingual administration, which would be a low‐stress delivery route in foals. However, the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics are not described in foals. Six healthy foals <21 days of age participated in a blinded, randomized, 3‐period, 5‐sequence, 3‐treatment crossover prospective study. Foals received 0.01–0.02 mg/kg buprenorphine administered SL or IV with an equivalent volume of saline administered by the opposite route. Blood was collected from the cephalic vein for pharmacokinetic analysis. Physiologic parameters (HR, RR, body temperature, GI sounds), locomotion (pedometer), and behavioral data (activity level, nursing time, response to humans) were recorded. Plasma concentration of buprenorphine exceeded a presumed analgesic level (0.6 ng/ml) in five foals in the IV group and one in the SL group but only for a very brief time. Pharmacokinetic analysis following IV administration demonstrated a short elimination half‐life (t_1/2β 1.95 ± 0.7 hr), large volume of distribution (6.46 ± 1.54 L/kg), and a high total clearance (55.83 ± 23.75 ml/kg/min), which differs from adult horses. Following SL administration, maximum concentrations reached were 0.61 ± 0.11 ng/ml and bioavailability was 25.1% ± 10.9%. In both groups, there were minor statistical differences in HR, RR, body temperature, locomotion, and time spent nursing. However, these differences were clinically insignificant in this single dose study, and excitement, sedation, or colic did not occur.  相似文献   

Evaluation of the placement and maintenance of central venous jugular catheters in critically ill dogs and cats          下载免费PDF全文

Christin L. Reminga DVM  DACVECC  Deborah C. Silverstein DVM  DACVECC  Kenneth J. Drobatz DVM  MSCE  DACVIM  DACVECC  Dana L. Clarke VMD  DACVECC 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2018,28(3):232-243

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The effect of topical treatment on esophageal pH during acid reflux in dogs     

Wilson DV  Evans AT 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2007,34(5):339-343

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of suction, lavage and instillation of sodium bicarbonate solution on esophageal pH during acidic gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) in anesthetized dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, clinical trial. ANIMALS: Ten healthy dogs, 4.8 +/- 2.4 years old, and weighing 37.1 +/- 7.9 kg. METHODS: Dogs were admitted to the study if they were under general anesthesia and regurgitation occurred. A sensor-tipped catheter was used to measure esophageal pH. On study entry the esophagus was suctioned. After an interval of at least 5 minutes, if the esophageal pH was still less than 4 the esophagus was lavaged with tap water and again suctioned. In 6 dogs 20 mL of dilute bicarbonate solution was instilled into the esophageal lumen. RESULTS: Suctioning fluid from the esophagus did not change the pH significantly. Lavage with tap water caused the pH to increase above 4 in four dogs, with the average pH increasing from 1.2 +/- 0.5 to 3.5 +/- 4.9. In all dogs where dilute bicarbonate solution was instilled, esophageal pH increased to above 6 for up to 180 (mean +/- SD, 89 +/- 81) minutes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Suctioning refluxate from the esophagus does not change the pH of the esophageal lumen. Instillation of a small volume of bicarbonate solution predictably increased the pH above 4 following an episode of acidic GER. Care must be taken that fluid is instilled into the lumen of the esophagus, and not into the trachea.  相似文献   

Pre-anesthetic meperidine: associated vomiting and gastroesophageal reflux during the subsequent anesthetic in dogs     

Wilson DV  Tom Evans A  Mauer WA 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2007,34(1):15-22

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of meperidine administered prior to anesthesia on the incidence of vomiting before, and gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and regurgitation during, the subsequent period of anesthesia in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial. ANIMALS: A total of 60 healthy dogs, 4.3 +/- 2.3 years old, and weighing 35.5 +/- 13.1 kg. METHODS: Dogs were admitted to the study if they were healthy, had no history of vomiting, and were scheduled to undergo elective orthopedic surgery. The anesthetic protocol used was standardized to include thiopental and isoflurane in oxygen. Dogs were randomly selected to receive one of the following pre-medications: morphine (0.66 mg kg(-1) IM) with acepromazine (0.044 mg kg(-1) IM), meperidine (8.8 mg kg(-1) IM) with acepromazine (0.044 mg kg(-1) IM) or meperidine alone (8.8 mg kg(-1) IM). A sensor-tipped catheter was placed to measure esophageal pH during anesthesia. Gastro-esophageal reflux was judged to have occurred if there was a decrease in esophageal pH below four or an increase above 7.5. RESULTS: No dogs vomited after the administration of meperidine, but 50% of dogs vomited after the administration of morphine. When compared with morphine, treatment with meperidine alone or combined with acepromazine before anesthesia was associated with a 55% and 27% reduction in absolute risk of developing GER, respectively. Dogs receiving meperidine alone were significantly less sedate than other dogs in the study, and required more thiopental to induce anesthesia. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were not significantly different between groups at the start of the measurement period. Cutaneous erythema and swelling were evident in four dogs receiving meperidine. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of meperidine to healthy dogs prior to anesthesia was not associated with vomiting and tended to reduce the occurrence of GER, but produced less sedation when compared with morphine. Meperidine is not a useful addition to the anesthetic protocol if prevention of GER is desired.  相似文献   

The Ecology of Tropical Forest Seedlings. Edited by M.D. Swaine.     

Deborah McGrath 《Agroforestry Systems》1998,40(1):105-107

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Patterns of forest use and endemism in resident bird communities of north-central Michoacán, Mexico     

Santiago Garcia  Deborah M. Finch  Gilberto Chvez Len 《Forest Ecology and Management》1998,110(1-3):151-171

We compared breeding avian communities among 11 habitat types in north-central Michoacán, Mexico, to determine patterns of forest use by endemic and nonendemic resident species. Point counts of birds and vegetation measurements were conducted at 124 sampling localities from May through July, in 1994 and 1995. Six native forest types sampled were pine, pine–oak, oak–pine, oak, fir, and cloud forests; three habitat types were plantations of Eucalyptus, pine, and mixed species; and the remaining two habitats were shrublands and pastures. Pastures had lower bird-species richness and abundance than pine, oak–pine, and mixed-species plantations. Pine forests had greater bird abundance and species richness than oak forests and shrublands. Species richness and abundance of endemics were greatest in fir forests, followed by cloud forests. Bird abundance and richness significantly increased with greater tree-layer complexity, although sites with intermediate tree complexity also supported high abundances. When detrended correspondence-analysis scores were plotted for each site, bird species composition did not differ substantially among the four native oak-and-pine forest types, but cloud and fir forests, Eucalyptus plantations, and mixed-species plantations formed relatively distinct groups. Plantations supported a mixture of species found in native forests, shrublands, and pastures. Pastures and shrublands shared many species in common, varied greatly among sites in bird-species composition, and contained more species specific to these habitats than did forest types.  相似文献   

Improving the efficiency of wild Pecten maximus spat collection: potential effects of spat bag design and of species temporarily settling in spat bags     

Deborah Cashmore  Mark McG. Learmouth  John T. MacMillan 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》1998,160(3-4):273-282

The single and combined effects of external bag size and external bag mesh size upon the collection and retention of wild King Scallop spat (Pecten maximus L.), other scallop species (Aequipecten opercularis) and other animal groups were investigated in a collection area off the west coast of Scotland. Collection was assessed after 5 weeks and at harvest (after 20 weeks). After 5 weeks, 90% of collected animals consisted of scallops (P. maximus and A. opercularis), Mytilus edulis (Mollusca: Bivalvia) and Lacuna vincta (Mollusca: Gastropoda). One-way analysis of variance on count data obtained after 5 weeks showed that the larger bag and mesh size treatments had collected significantly greater numbers of scallop spat when numbers collected were compared to the quantity of material used for each treatment (P<0.05). This was partly attributed to significantly greater numbers of L. vincta crawling juveniles temporarily recruiting in the smaller bag and mesh treatments (P<0.05). Similar trends of spat abundance in treatment bags were observed at harvest, although all treatments had scallop spat retention efficiencies of less than 12%. The importance of the structural design of spat bags for spat collection and the effects of incidentally collected non-predatory species upon the collection of scallop spat are discussed.  相似文献