Immunology. Tracing an orphan's genealogy     

Guy-Grand D  Vassalli P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5681):185-187

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Sources of Secondary Metabolite Variation in Dysidea avara (Porifera: Demospongiae): The Importance of Having Good Neighbors     

Sonia De Caralt  Delphine Bry  Nataly Bontemps  Xavier Turon  Maria-Jesus Uriz  Bernard Banaigs 《Marine drugs》2013,11(2):489-503

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Expressed sequence tags from the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea     

Muriel Viaud  Fabrice Legeai  Jean-Marc Pradier  Yves Brygoo  Frédérique Bitton  Jean Weissenbach  Adeline Brunet-Simon  Aymeric Duclert  Sabine Fillinger  Dominique Fortini  Anastasia Gioti  Corinne Giraud  Sébastien Halary  Isabelle Lebrun  Pascal Le Pêcheur  Delphine Samson  Caroline Levis 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2005,111(2):139-146

A large set of genes was identified in the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea by using an expressed sequence tag approach. The fungus was grown in axenic culture and a cDNA library was produced. From this library, 6559 ESTs were obtained. The combined sequences represent 3026 unisequences that corresponds to approximately one-quarter of the estimated total number of genes in B. cinerea. Approximately 18% of the ESTs showed significant similarities with genes coding for proteins with known functions,~56% were similar to genes coding for proteins with unknown functions and ~26% were orphans. A substantial B. cinerea gene inventory including putative virulence factors was therefore obtained and is now available at the Génoplante-Info Database interface (http://urgi.infobiogen.fr///Projects/GPiDB/Interface/).  相似文献   

Evaluation of the prophylactic use of ovotransferrin against chlamydiosis in SPF turkeys     

Van Droogenbroeck C  Beeckman DS  Harkinezhad T  Cox E  Vanrompay D 《Veterinary microbiology》2008,132(3-4):372-378

Chlamydophila (C.) psittaci infections are highly prevalent in turkeys and the economical and public health importance of these infections has been recognized since 1950. As there are no vaccines, antibiotic treatment (tetracylines, enrofloxacine) is often needed to allow marketing of poultry. In this study, we explored the use of ovotransferrin (ovoTF), a natural anti-microbial protein, in preventing an experimental C. psittaci infection in specific pathogen free (SPF) turkeys. Turkeys were treated with aerosolized ovoTF prior to the infection. Groups 1 and 2 received a single dose of 10 and 5 mg ovoTF per turkey, respectively. Group 3 received a daily dose of 5mg ovoTF per turkey during 12 days. Group 4 served as untreated, infected control group. Turkeys were aerosol infected using 10(6) TCID(50) of the virulent C. psittaci serovar/genotype D strain 92/1293. Birds were monitored (clinical signs, bacterial excretion) during 12 subsequent days before being necropsied. At necropsy, pathology and C. psittaci replication in various tissues was examined. A single dose of 10mg ovoTF and a repeated daily dose of 5mg ovoTF could not prevent the birds from becoming infected with C. psittaci, but they significantly reduced the outcome of the infection. A single dose of 5mg ovoTF had no influence on the outcome of the infection as compared to the non-treated infected controls. Our results demonstrate the anti-chlamydial effect of ovoTF in vivo and present a base for further research on practical applications of ovoTF on turkey farms.  相似文献   

Chronic pancreatitis with secondary diabetes mellitus treated by use of insulin in an adult California sea lion     

Meegan JM  Sidor IF  Steiner JM  Sarran D  Dunn JL 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2008,232(11):1707-1712

CASE DESCRIPTION: A 21-year-old neutered male captive California sea lion developed chronic polyuria; polydipsia; polyphagia; accelerated development of existing cataracts; and frequent episodes of gastrointestinal upset including anorexia, signs of abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and vomiting. CLINICAL FINDINGS: Chronic hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, and glucosuria were identified. During episodes of gastrointestinal abnormalities, transient hyperbilirubinemia and increased serum J-glutamyltransferase activities developed. Clinical findings strongly suggested chronic pancreatitis with secondary diabetes mellitus and intermittent cholestasis. Multiple diagnostic tests, including abdominal ultrasonography, serial hematologic and serum biochemical analyses, fecal examinations, urinalyses and bacteriologic culture of urine, measurement of serum fructosamine and insulin concentrations, and evaluation of thyroid and adrenal function, did not reveal any specific parasitic, endocrine, hepatic, or neoplastic etiologies. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: For 1.5 years, the sea lion received once-daily administration of glargine insulin, gastrointestinal protectants, and a strict high-protein, low-fat diet. Daily monitoring of glucose regulation was achieved by training the sea lion to submit to blood and urine sampling. Glucose regulation ranged from fair to good, and clinical signs of diabetes mellitus lessened. Episodes of gastrointestinal upset still occurred, although the frequency and severity decreased. Ultimately, a severe episode developed, associated with diabetic ketoacidosis and sepsis, and the sea lion died. Severe fibrosing pancreatitis with exocrine and endocrine atrophy and abscesses arising from ectatic pancreatic ducts were found. Peripancreatic fibrosis caused stricture of the common bile duct, resulting in gallbladder distension without cholecystitis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Diabetes mellitus can occur secondary to chronic pancreatitis in California sea lions and insulin therapy should be considered.  相似文献   

Genetic Linkage Maps and Genomic Organization in Leptosphaeria maculans     

Marie-Line Kuhn  Lilian Gout  Barbara J. Howlett  Delphine Melayah  Michel Meyer  Marie-Hélène Balesdent  Thierry Rouxel 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2006,114(1):17-31

Leptosphaeria maculans is a haploid outcrossing ascomycete with a genome size of about 34 Megabases (Mb) which is predicted to have between 10,000 and 12,000 genes. The chromosomes of L. maculans are of a size range (0.7–3.5 Mb) and number (15–16) that can be readily resolved by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Chromosome length polymorphisms are generated by meiosis giving rise to size differences as high as 57%, in the case of the ribosomal DNA-harbouring chromosome whose size varies between 1.8 and 4.2 Mb. Genetic maps are characterised by linkage groups comprising an accumulation of markers based on retrotransposon sequences. This, along with sequencing of pericentromeric regions and stretches of ORF-rich regions, suggest that the genome of L. maculans consists of a mosaic of GC-equilibrated coding regions with no or few transposons, and of stretches of highly degenerated and truncated retrotransposons, encompassing very few genes. Chromosome length polymorphisms are linked with the loss of dispensable regions. We suggest that the degree of length polymorphism for a particular chromosome correlates to the amount of dispensable retrotransposons, and that some gene-rich chromosomes may be less prone to undergo chromosome length polymorphisms than other chromosomes.  相似文献   

Effect of ovotransferrin and lactoferrins on Chlamydophila psittaci adhesion and invasion in HD11 chicken macrophages     

Beeckman DS  Van Droogenbroeck CM  De Cock BJ  Van Oostveldt P  Vanrompay DC 《Veterinary research》2007,38(5):729-739

The effect of ovotransferrin (ovoTF), human lactoferrin (hLF) and bovine lactoferrin (bLF) on the obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydophila (Cp.) psittaci was evaluated using a model of Buffalo Green Monkey kidney (BGM) cells and HD11 chicken macrophages as artificial hosts. Firstly, the effect of transferrins on the infectivity of the bacteria was evaluated. Pre-incubation of Cp. psittaci with 0.5 to 5 mg/mL ovoTF prior to infecting BGM cells significantly lowered the infection rate (P < 0.05). For both lactoferrins, the infection rate could only be reduced with 5 mg/mL, albeit not significantly as compared to the infection rate created by the untreated bacteria. Secondly, transferrins were tested for their ability to influence bacterial adhesion and entry in HD11 cells. Maximal non-cytotoxic and non-bactericidal concentrations of 0.05 mg/mL ovoTF and 0.5 mg/mL hLF and bLF were used. Overall, ovoTF was more effective than human and bovine LF in inhibiting bacterial irreversible attachment and cell entry and the latter was accompanied by a dose-dependent reduction of actin recruitment at the bacterial entry site. However, once bacteria had entered HD11 cells, transferrins had apparently no effect on intracellular replication. The present findings suggest a possible role for transferrins and especially ovoTF, in preventing avian Cp. psittaci infections.  相似文献   

Phenotypic and Genomic Modifications Associated with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Globodera pallida</Emphasis> Adaptation to Potato Resistances     

Sylvain Fournet  Delphine Eoche-Bosy  Marie-Claire Kerlan  Eric Grenier  Josselin Montarry 《Potato Research》2018,61(1):65-71

Studying phenotypic and genomic modifications associated with pathogen adaptation to resistance is a crucial step to better understand and anticipate resistance breakdown. This short review summarizes recent results obtained using experimentally evolved populations of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. In a first step, the variability of resistance durability was explored in four different potato genotypes carrying the resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) GpaV_vrn originating from Solanum vernei but differing by their genetic background. The consequences of the adaptation to resistance in terms of local adaptation, cross-virulence and virulence cost were then investigated. Finally, a genome scan approach was performed in order to identify the genomic regions involved in this adaptation. Results showed that nematode populations were able to adapt to the QTL GpaV_vrn, and that the plant genetic background has a strong impact on resistance durability. A trade-off between the adaptations to different resistant potato genotypes was detected, and we also showed that adaptation to the resistance QTL GpaV_vrn from S. vernei did not allow adaptation to the colinear locus from S. sparsipilum (GpaV_spl). Unexpectedly, the adaptation to resistance led to an increase of virulent individual’s fitness on a susceptible host. Moreover, the genome scan approach allowed the highlighting of candidate genomic regions involved in adaptation to host plant resistance. This review shows that experimental evolution is an interesting tool to anticipate the adaptation of pathogen populations and could be very useful for identifying durable strategies for resistance deployment.  相似文献   

Monitoring of Venturia inaequalis harbouring the QoI resistance G143A mutation in French orchards as revealed by PCR assays     

Fontaine S  Remuson F  Fraissinet-Tachet L  Micoud A  Marmeisse R  Melayah D 《Pest management science》2009,65(1):74-81

BACKGROUND: Genetic resistance to QoI fungicides may account for recent failures to control Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Winter in French orchards. Two PCR-based assays were developed to detect the G143A point mutation in the fungal mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. The mutation is known to confer a high level of resistance to QoI fungicides. Occurrence of the G143A mutation in French field isolates collected from 2004 to 2007 was monitored. RESULTS: The QoI-resistant cytochrome b allele was specifically detected either following the cleavage of the amplified marker by a restriction endonuclease (CAPS assay) or its amplification using an allele-specific PCR primer. Using either method, the G143A mutation was found in 42% of the 291 field samples originating from French orchards in which apple scab proved difficult to be controlled. Monitoring of the G143A mutation in orchards located in 15 French administrative regions indicated that the mutation was detected at least once in nine of the regions, and its presence ranged from 33% to 64% of the orchards analysed in 2004 and in 2007 respectively. CONCLUSION: The PCR-based methods developed in this study efficiently reveal the presence of the G143A mutation in French V. inaequalis field populations.  相似文献   

Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill     

Stephen Nicol  Andrew Bowie  Simon Jarman  Delphine Lannuzel  Klaus M Meiners  Pier Van Der Merwe 《Fish and Fisheries》2010,11(2):203-209

Iron is the limiting micronutrient in the Southern Ocean and experiments have demonstrated that addition of soluble iron to surface waters results in phytoplankton blooms, particularly by large diatoms. Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) eat diatoms and recycle iron in surface waters when feeding. Baleen whales eat krill, and, historically, defecation by baleen whales could have been a major mechanism for recycling iron, if whale faeces contain significant quantities of iron. We analysed the iron content in 27 samples of faeces from four species of baleen whale. Faecal iron content (145.9 ± 133.7 mg kg^?1) is approximately ten million times that of Antarctic seawater, suggesting that it could act as a fertilizer. Furthermore, we analysed the iron content of seven krill species and of muscle tissue of two species of baleen whales; all samples had high iron levels. Using these figures, together with recent estimates of the range and biomass of krill, we calculate that the Antarctic krill population contains ～24% of the total iron in the surface waters in its range. Thus, krill can act as a long‐term reservoir of iron in Antarctic surface waters, by storing the iron in their body tissue. Pre‐exploitation populations of whales and krill must have stored larger quantities of iron and would have also recycled more iron in surface waters, enhancing overall ocean productivity through a positive feedback loop. Thus, allowing the great whales to recover might actually increase Southern Ocean productivity through enhancing iron levels in the surface layer.  相似文献