Effects of stage of maturity and cooking on the chemical composition of select mushroom varieties     

Dikeman CL  Bauer LL  Flickinger EA  Fahey GC 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(4):1130-1138

Select mushrooms were analyzed for proximate constituents and carbohydrate profiles either raw or cooked and at different stages of maturity. White button mushrooms (Agaricus biporus) contained high concentrations of ash (12.5 and 11.9% for immature and mature mushrooms, respectively). Starch and total dietary fiber (TDF) concentrations were higher in maitake (Grifola frondosa) and shiitake (Lentinus edodes) mushrooms. Crude protein (CP) and acid-hydrolyzed fat (AHF) were highest in crimini (Agaricus bisporus) and white button and maitake mushrooms, respectively. Chitin concentrations were highest in portabella (Agaricus bisporus) and enoki (Flammulina velutipes) mushrooms (8.0 and 7.7%, respectively). Oligosaccharides were found in low concentrations in some mushrooms. CP and TDF accounted for 86.4 and 49.3% of mushroom organic matter. Cooking increased starch, TDF, and AHF but decreased CP and chitin concentrations. The chitin concentration increased with mushroom maturity. These results detail the complete carbohydrate profile of several important mushroom varieties.  相似文献   

Effects of synthetic hormone implants, singularly or in combinations, on performance, carcass traits, and longissimus muscle palatability of Holstein steers.     

J K Apple  M E Dikeman  D D Simms  G Kuhl 《Journal of animal science》1991,69(11):4437-4448

Seventy-two Holstein steers averaging 182 kg were assigned randomly to one of six treatment groups: 1) nonimplanted controls (C); 2) implanted with 36 mg of zeranol (Z); 3) implanted with 20 mg of estradiol benzoate and 200 mg of progesterone (EP); 4) implanted with 140 mg of trenbolone acetate (TBA); 5) implanted with 140 mg of trenbolone acetate plus 20 mg of estradiol benzoate and 200 mg of progesterone (TBA + EP); and 6) implanted with 140 mg of trenbolone acetate plus 36 mg of zeranol (TBA + Z). Each treatment group consisted of three replications of four animals per pen, which were implanted on d 0, 56, 112, and 168. Masculinity and muscling scores were assigned at 24 h preslaughter. Hide removal difficulty was scored by a plant supervisor. Quality and yield grade data were obtained at 24 h postmortem. Longissimus muscle (LM) steaks were removed and cooked for Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS) determinations and sensory panel (SP) evaluations. Over the entire feeding period (249 d), TBA + EP steers had higher (P less than .05) ADG than TBA + Z, TBA, and C steers. All treatments had higher (P less than .05) ADG than C, with the exception of TBA. The only feed efficiency differences were those following the 168-d implant time, when TBA steers were more (P less than .05) efficient than TBA + Z or C steers. The TBA + EP and TBA + Z steers were more (P less than .05) masculine and their hides were more (P less than .05) difficult to remove than those of EP and C steers. Carcass weights of TBA + EP steers were heavier (P less than .05) than those of TBA or C steers. The TBA + EP steers had larger (P less than .05) LM areas than Z, TBA, and C steers. Also, TBA + EP steers tended (P = .07) to have lower numerical yield grades than EP, Z, or C steers. Even though mean marbling scores and quality grades were similar (P greater than .05) among treatment groups, only 50% of TBA + EP carcasses graded low Choice or higher, compared with 100, 75, 82, 90, and 83% for C, TBA, Z, EP, and TBA + Z carcasses, respectively. The only meat palatability differences were that myofibrillar and overall tenderness scores tended to be lower (P = .07) for steaks from EP and TBA + Z than for steaks from Z and C groups.  相似文献   

Anterior chamber collapse syndrome in a koala     

VL Liddle  C Naranjo  ME Bernays 《Australian veterinary journal》2014,92(5):179-182

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Intermediate Filament Proteins Expression and Carbohydrate Moieties in Trophoblast and Decidual Cells of Mature Cat Placenta     

PE Fernández  ME Diessler  A Pachame  HH Ortega  EJ Gimeno  EL Portiansky  CG Barbeito 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2014,49(2):263-269

The aim of this study was to characterize cytoskeletal intermediate filament proteins and glycoconjugates of syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast and decidual cells of feline endotheliochorial placenta. Samples from 12 normal pregnant female cats, after 45 ± 5 days of gestation, were obtained removing the uterine horns by hysterectomy. Sections were processed for routine observation and for immunohistochemistry using anticytokeratin, antivimentin and antidesmin antibodies. In addition, lectin histochemistry was performed using a panel of several biotinylated lectins to characterize glycosides expression profile. Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast showed immunoreactivity only with acidic and basic cytokeratins. Decidual cells were only positive to vimentin, consistent with their origin from endometrial fibroblasts. Trophoblast expressed a broad population of glycans, highly exposing terminal N‐acetyl glucosamine residues and non‐sialylated galactose and N‐acetyl galactosamine oligomers. Oligosaccharides bound by Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin were the only highly branched N‐linked residues evidenced in cats, and they were restricted to the syncytium. Unlike results reported on humans, mice and rats on lectin affinity of decidual cells, sialid acids and complex N‐linked oligosaccharides were not demonstrated in cats. Glycosylation of proteins determines many of their final properties, thus becoming essential for the embryo‐maternal dialogue during implantation and placentation. Changes in glycosylation pattern have been related to pathological pregnancies in other species. Hence, the knowledge about glycosylation profile of the normal cat placenta may lead to a better understanding of both normal and pathological reproductive events.  相似文献   

Effects of postexsanguination vascular infusion of cattle with a solution of saccharides,sodium chloride,and phosphates or with calcium chloride on quality and sensory traits of steaks and ground beef     

Dikeman ME  Hunt MC  Addist PB  Schoenbeck HJ  Pullen M  Katsanidis E  Yancey EJ 《Journal of animal science》2003,81(1):156-166

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Phenotypic ranges and relationships among carcass and meat palatability traits for fourteen cattle breeds, and heritabilities and expected progeny differences for Warner-Bratzler shear force in three beef cattle breeds     

Dikeman ME  Pollak EJ  Zhang Z  Moser DW  Gill CA  Dressler EA 《Journal of animal science》2005,83(10):2461-2467

Carcass and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) data from strip loin steaks were obtained from 7,179 progeny of Angus, Brahman, Brangus, Charolais, Gelbvieh, Hereford, Limousin, Maine-Anjou, Red Angus, Salers, Shorthorn, Simbrah, Simmental, and South Devon sires. Trained sensory panel (TSP) evaluations were obtained on 2,320 steaks sampled from contemporary groups of progeny from one to five sires of each breed. Expected progeny differences for marbling and WBSF were developed for 103 Simmental sires from 1,295 progeny, 23 Shorthorn sires from 310 progeny, and 69 Hereford sires from 1,457 progeny. Pooled phenotypic residual correlations, including all progeny, showed that marbling was lowly correlated with WBSF (-0.21) and with TSP overall tenderness (0.18). The residual correlation between WBSF and TSP tenderness was -0.68, whereas residual correlations for progeny sired by the three Bos indicus breeds were only slightly different than for progeny sired by Bos taurus breeds. The phenotypic range of mean WBSF among sires across breeds was 6.27 kg, and the phenotypic range among breed means was 3.93 kg. Heritability estimates for fat thickness, marbling score, WBSF, and TSP tenderness, juiciness, and flavor were 0.19, 0.68, 0.40, 0.37, 0.46, and 0.07, respectively. Ranges in EPD for WBSF and marbling were -0.41 to +0.26 kg and +0.48 to -0.22, respectively, for Simmentals; -0.41 to +0.36 kg and 0.00 to -0.32, respectively, for Shorthorns; and -0.48 to +0.22 kg and +0.40 to -0.24, respectively, for Herefords. More than 20% of steaks were unacceptable in tenderness. Results of this study demonstrated that 1) selection for marbling would result in little improvement in meat tenderness; 2) heritability of marbling, tenderness, and juiciness are high; and 3) sufficient variation exists in WBSF EPD among widely used Simmental, Shorthorn, and Hereford sires to allow for genetic improvement in LM tenderness.  相似文献   

Biomechanical Properties of Skin and Wounds in Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome     

L. J. FREEMAN DVM  MS    G. A. HEGREBERG DVM  PhD    J. D. ROBINETTE DVM  MS  DiplomateACVs  J. T. KIMBRELL MS  ME 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1989,18(2):97-102

The biomechanical properties of wounded and nonwounded skin were studied in three dogs and three cats affected with type I Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Three nonaffected dogs and one nonaffected cat served as controls. Samples of wounded skin and adjacent normal skin were harvested at days 75, 138, 141, 144, 147, and 150. Samples were subjected to uniaxial tensile strength testing. Tensile strength, energy absorbed, and site of failure were recorded. In the dogs with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, there was an increase in tensile strength in samples containing a scar over adjacent intact skin. In nonaffected dogs, affected cats and the nonaffected cat, the nonwounded skin samples had greater tensile strength. The energy absorbed by the skin samples during testing was highly correlated with tensile strength.  相似文献   

Implanting young bulls with zeranol from birth to four slaughter ages: III. Growth performance and endocrine aspects     

D G Gray  J A Unruh  M E Dikeman  J S Stevenson 《Journal of animal science》1986,63(3):747-756

Seventy-two Simmental bull calves were assigned randomly either to a zeranol implanted (I) or nonimplanted (NI) control group. Within 3 d after birth, bulls assigned to the I treatment were implanted with 36 mg zeranol and reimplanted every 84 d until slaughter. Calves were weaned at 7.2 mo, preconditioned for 2 wk, and assigned within treatment to slaughter ages 12.0, 13.8, 15.7 and 17.4 mo. Blood samples were taken bimonthly from 8.3 to 16.6 mo of age. Weight gains, feed:gain ratios and slaughter and carcass weights were similar (P greater than .10) for I and NI bulls for the total feeding period. Weight gains for NI bulls were larger (P less than .05) from 7.7 to 9.5 mo and from 11.3 to 12.2 mo of age, whereas gains for I bulls were greater from 12.2 to 14.1 mo. Serum estradiol-17 beta (E2) and testosterone (T) concentrations were higher (P less than .05) for NI bulls at 8.3, 9.2, 10.2, 11.1, 12.1 and 13.0 mo. However, at 13.9 and 14.8 mo, E2 concentrations were higher (P less than .10) for I bulls. A similar, but nonsignificant (P greater than .10), trend was noted for T concentrations of I bulls at 13.9 and 14.8 mo. Rapid increases in E2 concentrations were observed from 8.3 to 9.2 mo in NI bulls, but from 12.1 to 13.9 mo in I bulls. Similarly, T concentrations increased rapidly from 8.3 to 10.2 mo in NI bulls, but from 12.1 to 14.8 mo in I bulls. Peak concentrations of T and E2 for NI bulls were observed near 11 and 13 mo, respectively, whereas peak T and E2 levels were delayed in I bulls until near 14 mo. Periods of greater weight gains for both NI and I bulls corresponded to rapidly increasing E2 and T concentrations. Serum thyroxine concentrations were lower (P less than .05) for I bulls at 13.9 mo but similar to NI bulls at all other ages. Serum insulin concentrations were higher (P less than .05) for I bulls than for NI bulls at 8.3, 10.2, 11.1 and 12.1 mo. Regardless of treatment, insulin concentrations increased with increasing age. Carcasses from I bulls were fatter (P less than .05) and tended (P = .09) to have smaller ribeye areas/100 kg carcass. Fat thicknesses for both treatments increased (P less than .05) from 13.8 to 15.7 mo. Skeletal maturity scores, 9-10-11th rib bone percentages and femur measurements indicated an increased skeletal maturation in I bulls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)  相似文献   

Haematological and biochemical reference values for the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)     

PM. CANFIELD  ME. O'NEILL†  EF. SMITH† 《Australian veterinary journal》1989,66(10):324-326

Haematological and biochemical reference values were established from 45 clinically healthy koalas. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences for sex and season of sampling. Immature koalas had significantly higher alkaline phosphatase and inorganic phosphate values, and significantly lower total protein concentrations due to low globulins values. Enzyme reference values tended to be wide and could limit their usefulness in detecting disease. In the reference values for leukocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes, the inclusion of low values which were not actually seen may interfere with the detection of reduced levels due to disease.  相似文献   

Different Doses of Porcine Luteinizing Hormone in Precocious Puberty Induction in Gilts     

RD Gama  WL Vianna  ME Pinese  A de  Campos Rosseto  A de  Sant''Anna Moretti 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2005,40(5):433-435

The use of hormonal protocols in puberty induction and synchronization of oestrus has lead to an increase in the efficiency of replacement gilts. The aim of this study was to evaluate different doses of porcine LH in precocious puberty induction and oestrus synchronization in a homogeneous group of gilts. Sixty-seven homogeneous prepubertal gilts (Camborough 22) at 137 +/- 4 days of age and 87 +/- 7 kg were treated with three different hormonal protocols: T1--600 UI of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG; Novormon) and after a 72-h period 5 mg of LH (Lutropin); T2--600 UI of eCG and a 72-h period 2.5 mg of LH; T3--600 UI of eCG and a 72-h period 1.25 mg of LH. The ovaries were examined at slaughter, on day 6 after the hormonal treatment. There were no statistical differences (p > 0.05) between the different LH doses in the percentage of the detected oestrus (T1 = 42.85%; T2 = 60.87%, T3 = 52.18%), oestrus duration (T1 = 41.44 +/- 16.30 h; T2 = 48.57 +/- 16.29 h, T3 = 39.33 +/- 11.42 h), number of corpora lutea (T1 = 9.61 +/- 5.43; T2 = 9.86 +/- 3.32, T3 = 8.13 +/- 5.52) and percentage of animals presenting ovarian cystic degeneration (T1 = 33.33%; T2 = 39.13%, T3 = 39.13%). The T2 (2.5 mg of LH) presented the lowest dispersion (p < 0.05) of the LH-ovulation interval (T1 = 37.17 +/- 4.07 h; T2 = 38.26 +/- 2.84 h; T3 = 36.25 +/- 5.69 h). The LH dose reduction to 2.50 and 1.25 mg presented equal results with the recommended dose of 5.0 mg, and could be used in the precocious induction of oestrus in gilts. The 2.5-mg LH dose showed the lowest dispersion of ovulation and it can be used in fixed-time artificial insemination programmes.  相似文献