Efficacy of two formulations of pirimiphos-methyl as surface treatment against Sitophilus granarius,Rhyzopertha dominica,and Tribolium confusum     

Christos I. Rumbos  Anna C. Dutton  Christos G. Athanassiou 《Journal of pest science》2014,87(3):507-519

In the present work, the insecticidal effect of two pirimiphos-methyl formulations [emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and capsule suspension (CS)] as surface treatment on concrete, plywood, galvanized metal, plastic, and ceramic tile was evaluated in laboratory bioassays against Sitophilus granarius (L.), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val. Pirimiphos-methyl was applied at two-dose-rates, 0.01 and 0.1 mg/cm², and insect mortality was assessed after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days of exposure. After the final mortality count, alive individuals were transferred to untreated dishes, and delayed mortality was evaluated after an additional period of 7 days. In another series of laboratory bioassays, the residual efficacy of these two pirimiphos-methyl formulations on concrete was evaluated against S. granarius, R. dominica, and T. confusum. Pirimiphos-methyl was applied at two-dose-rates, 0.01 and 0.1 mg/cm², on concrete dishes which were either kept in continuous darkness or exposed to light. A bioassay was initiated at the day of storage and every 4 weeks for 4 consecutive months (5 bioassays in total). Mortality of the exposed adult beetles was measured after 3 and 7 days of exposure. Both formulations were highly effective, with S. granarius being the most susceptible species. In general, mortality of the exposed beetles was not significantly affected by the surface type, with the exception of the significantly lower mortality counts of S. granarius adults on ceramic tile. CS appeared to be much more persistent on concrete than EC for all three species tested. Moreover, CS was not affected by light. In contrast, in some of the combinations tested, EC performance was poor in dishes that were exposed to light, in comparison with dishes that were in continuous darkness. We conclude that the surface type does not significantly and consistently affect S. granarius, R. dominica, and T. confusum mortality after surface application of the two pirimiphos-methyl formulations tested. Furthermore, CS can provide long-term protection when applied on concrete surfaces.  相似文献   

Spatial Response of Mammals to Late Quaternary Environmental Fluctuations     

RW Graham  EL Lundelius  MA Graham  EK Schroeder  RS Toomey  E Anderson  AD Barnosky  JA Burns  CS Churcher  DK Grayson  RD Guthrie  CR Harington  GT Jefferson  LD Martin  HG McDonald  RE Morlan  HA Semken  SD Webb  L Werdelin  MC Wilson 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1996,272(5268):1601-1606

Analyses of fossil mammal faunas from 2945 localities in the United States demonstrate that the geographic ranges of individual species shifted at different times, in different directions, and at different rates in response to late Quaternary environmental fluctuations. The geographic pattern of faunal provinces was similar for the late Pleistocene and late Holocene, but differing environmental gradients resulted in dissimilar species composition for these biogeographic regions. Modern community patterns emerged only in the last few thousand years, and many late Pleistocene communities do not have modern analogs. Faunal heterogeneity was greater in the late Pleistocene.  相似文献   

From dimming to brightening: decadal changes in solar radiation at Earth's surface   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

Wild M  Gilgen H  Roesch A  Ohmura A  Long CN  Dutton EG  Forgan B  Kallis A  Russak V  Tsvetkov A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,308(5723):847-850

Variations in solar radiation incident at Earth's surface profoundly affect the human and terrestrial environment. A decline in solar radiation at land surfaces has become apparent in many observational records up to 1990, a phenomenon known as global dimming. Newly available surface observations from 1990 to the present, primarily from the Northern Hemisphere, show that the dimming did not persist into the 1990s. Instead, a widespread brightening has been observed since the late 1980s. This reversal is reconcilable with changes in cloudiness and atmospheric transmission and may substantially affect surface climate, the hydrological cycle, glaciers, and ecosystems.  相似文献   

Hillslope Evolution by Bedrock Landslides     

AL Densmore  RS Anderson  BG McAdoo  MA Ellis 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,275(5298):369-372

Bedrock landsliding is a dominant geomorphic process in a number of high-relief landscapes, yet is neglected in landscape evolution models. A physical model of sliding in beans is presented, in which incremental lowering of one wall simulates baselevel fall and generates slides. Frequent small slides produce irregular hillslopes, on which steep toes and head scarps persist until being cleared by infrequent large slides. These steep segments are observed on hillslopes in high-relief landscapes and have been interpreted as evidence for increases in tectonic or climatic process rates. In certain cases, they may instead reflect normal hillslope evolution by landsliding.  相似文献   

Preliminary meteorological results on Mars from the viking 1 lander     

Hess SL  Henry RM  Leovy CB  Ryan JA  Tillman JE  Chamberlain TE  Cole HL  Dutton RG  Greene GC  Simon WE  Mitchell JL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1976,193(4255):788-791

The results from the meteorology instruments on the Viking 1 lander are presented for the first 4 sols of operation. The instruments are working satisfactorily. Temperatures fluctuated from a low of 188 degrees K to an estimated maximum of 244 degrees K. The mean pressure is 7.65 millibars with a diurnal variation of amplitude 0.1 millibar. Wind speeds averaged over several minutes have ranged from essentially calm to 9 meters per second. Wind directions have exhibited a remarkable regularity which may be associated with nocturnal downslope winds and gravitational oscillations, or to tidal effects of the diurnal pressure wave, or to both.  相似文献   

Managing severe hoof pain in a horse using multimodal analgesia and a modified composite pain score     

D. W. Dutton  K. J. Lashnits  K. Wegner 《Equine Veterinary Education》2009,21(1):37-43

This report describes a clinically useful modified composite pain score (MCPS) for horses with hoof pain. The horse in this report initially suffered from acute pain from a subsolar seroma as well as suspected pain from chronic laminitis. Following surgical debridement, corium prolapsed through the wound and it became infected. During the course of conventional hoof and wound management, the pain experienced by the patient was refractory to nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. Using the MCPS as a guide, inflammatory and neuropathic pain states were identified and multimodal analgesia was employed in response to the varying pain states. Drugs used for the anti‐inflammatory pain management protocol included firocoxib, butorphanol, phenylbutazone, aspirin and fish oil. Neuropathic pain modulators included parenteral and local anaesthetics, pentoxifylline, ketamine and gabapentin. Composite pain scoring in horses, which includes observational, physiological and interactive components, may have greater sensitivity for demonstrating response to therapy when multiple types and stages of pain exist.  相似文献   

Glacial Acetic Acid—A Novel Food‐Compatible Solvent for Kafirin Extraction     

Janet Taylor  John R. N. Taylor  Michael F. Dutton  Suretha de Kock 《Cereal Chemistry》2005,82(5):485-487

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An updated geographic distribution of Myxobolus cerebralis (Hofer, 1903) (Bivalvulida: Myxobolidae) and the first diagnosed case of whirling disease in wild-caught trout in the south-eastern United States     

Steven P. Ksepka  Jacob M. Rash  Brandon L. Simcox  Doug A. Besler  Haley R. Dutton  Micah B. Warren  Stephen A. Bullard 《Journal of fish diseases》2020,43(7):813-820

Myxobolus cerebralis (Bivalvulida: Myxobolidae), the aetiological agent of salmonid whirling disease, was detected in 2 river basins of North Carolina during 2015, which initiated the largest spatial–temporal monitoring project for the disease ever conducted within the south-eastern United States (focused mainly in eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina). A total of 2072 rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, 1,004 brown trout Salmo trutta and 468 brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis were screened from 113 localities within 7 river basins during June 2017 through October 2019. Infections were detected by pepsin–trypsin digest, microscopy and the species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 19 localities across 6 river basins. Myxospore morphology was indistinguishable from the published literature. In 2019, five rainbow trout that symptomatic for whirling disease (sloping neurocranium and lordosis) were captured and processed for histopathology. Myxospores were detected in the calvarial cartilage of two deformed trout with associated erosion of the cartilage consistent with reported whirling disease lesions. This is the first report of M. cerebralis in Tennessee and the first histologically confirmed cases of whirling disease in southern Appalachian (south-eastern United States) rivers and streams and expands the distribution of M. cerebralis throughout western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee.  相似文献   

Gold nanoelectrodes of varied size: transition to molecule-like charging   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

S Chen  RS Ingram  MJ Hostetler  JJ Pietron  RW Murray  TG Schaaff  JT Khoury  MM Alvarez  RL Whetten 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,280(5372):2098-2101

A transition from metal-like double-layer capacitive charging to redox-like charging was observed in electrochemical ensemble Coulomb staircase experiments on solutions of gold nanoparticles of varied core size. The monodisperse gold nanoparticles are stabilized by short-chain alkanethiolate monolayers and have 8 to 38 kilodaltons core mass (1.1 to 1.9 nanometers in diameter). Larger cores display Coulomb staircase responses consistent with double-layer charging of metal-electrolyte interfaces, whereas smaller core nanoparticles exhibit redox chemical character, including a large central gap. The change in behavior is consistent with new near-infrared spectroscopic data showing an emerging gap between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied orbitals of 0.4 to 0.9 electron volt.  相似文献