Atmospheric warming and the amplification of precipitation extremes   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

Allan RP  Soden BJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5895):1481-1484

Climate models suggest that extreme precipitation events will become more common in an anthropogenically warmed climate. However, observational limitations have hindered a direct evaluation of model-projected changes in extreme precipitation. We used satellite observations and model simulations to examine the response of tropical precipitation events to naturally driven changes in surface temperature and atmospheric moisture content. These observations reveal a distinct link between rainfall extremes and temperature, with heavy rain events increasing during warm periods and decreasing during cold periods. Furthermore, the observed amplification of rainfall extremes is found to be larger than that predicted by models, implying that projections of future changes in rainfall extremes in response to anthropogenic global warming may be underestimated.  相似文献   

Evidence for large decadal variability in the tropical mean radiative energy budget   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Wielicki BA  Wong T  Allan RP  Slingo A  Kiehl JT  Soden BJ  Gordon CT  Miller AJ  Yang SK  Randall DA  Robertson F  Susskind J  Jacobowitz H 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,295(5556):841-844

It is widely assumed that variations in Earth's radiative energy budget at large time and space scales are small. We present new evidence from a compilation of over two decades of accurate satellite data that the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) tropical radiative energy budget is much more dynamic and variable than previously thought. Results indicate that the radiation budget changes are caused by changes in tropical mean cloudiness. The results of several current climate model simulations fail to predict this large observed variation in tropical energy budget. The missing variability in the models highlights the critical need to improve cloud modeling in the tropics so that prediction of tropical climate on interannual and decadal time scales can be improved.  相似文献   

Ocean science. Whither Antarctic sea ice?     

Wolff EW;British Antarctic Survey  High Cross  Madingley Road  Cambridge CB ET  UK. ewwo@bas.ac.uk 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,302(5648):1164

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Rab1 recruitment of p115 into a cis-SNARE complex: programming budding COPII vesicles for fusion     

Allan BB  Moyer BD  Balch WE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,289(5478):444-448

The guanosine triphosphatase Rab1 regulates the transport of newly synthesized proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus through interaction with effector molecules, but the molecular mechanisms by which this occurs are unknown. Here, the tethering factor p115 was shown to be a Rab1 effector that binds directly to activated Rab1. Rab1 recruited p115 to coat protein complex II (COPII) vesicles during budding from the endoplasmic reticulum, where it interacted with a select set of COPII vesicle-associated SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) to form a cis-SNARE complex that promotes targeting to the Golgi apparatus. We propose that Rab1-regulated assembly of functional effector-SNARE complexes defines a conserved molecular mechanism to coordinate recognition between subcellular compartments.  相似文献   

Is there an intrinsic period of the circadian clock? Response     

Czeisler CA  Dijk DJ  Kronauer RE  Brown EN  Duffy JF  Allan JS  Shanahan TL  Rimmer DW  Ronda JM  Mitchell JF  Silva EJ  Emens JS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,288(5469):1174-1175

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Light microscopy techniques for live cell imaging     

Stephens DJ  Allan VJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,300(5616):82-86

Since the earliest examination of cellular structures, biologists have been fascinated by observing cells using light microscopy. The advent of fluorescent labeling technologies plus the plethora of sophisticated light microscope techniques now available make studying dynamic processes in living cells almost commonplace. For anyone new to this area, however, it can be daunting to decide which techniques or equipment to try. Here, we aim to give a brief overview of the main approaches to live cell imaging, with some mention of their pros and cons.  相似文献   

Landcare in Australia: Beyond the expert farmer     

Allan Curtis  Terry De Lacy 《Agriculture and Human Values》1996,13(1):20-31

The landcare program has been embraced by governments, farmer organizations and conservation groups throughout Australia as offering a model for effective community action to assist the move to more sustainable resource use. Over 2,500 landcare-type groups now operate across Australia with 65,000 members including almost 30% of the farming community. This research used surveys of landcare group activity in most Australian states, a study of the regional landcare action plan (RLAP) process in the state of Victoria, and a survey of landholders in north east Victoria to assess landcare program effectiveness, and particularly, the assumptions underlying the program logic. Information provided revealed the vast scale of community participation in landcare and the considerable amount of onground work undertaken by groups and landholders. Analysis of north east landholder surveys indicated landcare participation had a significant impact upon landholder awareness of issues, level of knowledge, and adoption of best bet practices. However, research findings also highlighted a number of concerns about the program logic and implementation, and the authors suggest it is time to adopt a revised landcare program model.  相似文献   

Solutions to Environmental and Economic Problems (STEEP)     

Oldenstadt DL  Allan RE  Bruehl GW  Dillman DA  Michalson EL  Papendick RI  Rydrych DJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1982,217(4563):904-909

This article describes one model for organizing and mobilizing scientific resources to address the highly complex and costly problem of soil erosion in the Pacific Northwest. With a U.S. Department of Agriculture grant to the agricultural experiment stations in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, as well as supplementary state and federal funds, STEEP awards intermediate-term (15 year) grants for research in five areas: tillage and plant management, plant design, erosion and runoff predictions, pest management, and socioeconomics of erosion control. Most of the research projects require collaboration across disciplines and, in some instances, across state boundaries. After 6 years of effort the results obtained with STEEP indicate that the model might be applicable to other regions and problems.  相似文献   

Epidermal viral immunity induced by CD8alpha+ dendritic cells but not by Langerhans cells     

Allan RS  Smith CM  Belz GT  van Lint AL  Wakim LM  Heath WR  Carbone FR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,301(5641):1925-1928

The classical paradigm for dendritic cell function derives from the study of Langerhans cells, which predominate within skin epidermis. After an encounter with foreign agents, Langerhans cells are thought to migrate to draining lymph nodes, where they initiate T cell priming. Contrary to this, we show here that infection of murine epidermis by herpes simplex virus did not result in the priming of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by Langerhans cells. Rather, the priming response required a distinct CD8alpha+ dendritic cell subset. Thus, the traditional view of Langerhans cells in epidermal immunity needs to be revisited to accommodate a requirement for other dendritic cells in this response.  相似文献   

Donald Maitland Turner     

Graeme Allan  Chris Bellenger  Phil Davis  David Fraser  Rolfe Howlett  Richard Malik  Vera Pickering  Katrin Swindells  Malcolm Turner  Ashley Chadwick 《Australian veterinary journal》2009,87(7):279-279

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