Orographic enhancement of wet deposition in the United Kingdom: Continuous monitoring     

D. Fowler  I. D. Leith  J. Binnie  A. Crossley  D. W. F. Inglis  T. W. Choularton  M. Gay  J. W. S. Longhurst  D. E. Conland 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,85(4):2107-2112

Continuous monitoring of cloud and rain samples at three mountain sites in the UK has allowed consideration of the long term impact of the enhancement of the wet deposition of pollutants by orographie effects, specifically the scavenging of cap cloud droplets by rain falling from above (the seeder-feeder effects). The concentration of the major pollutant ions in the cloud water is related to the relative proximity of each site to marine and anthropogenic sources of aerosol. In general, the concentrations of major ions in precipitation at summit sites exceed those in precipitation to low ground nearby by 20% to 50%. Concentrations in orographie cloud exceed those in upwind rain by between a factor of five and ten. The results are consistent with seeder-feeder scavenging of hill cloud by falling precipitation in which the average concentration of ions in scavenged hill cloud exceed those in precipitation upwind by a factor of 1.7 to 2.3 for sulphate and nitrate respectively at Dunslair Heights and 1.5 to 1.8 for sulphate and nitrate at Holme Moss. The results suggest that the parameterisation of this relationship with scavenged feeder cloud water concentrations assumed to exceed those in seeder rain by a factor of two for the production of predictive maps of wet deposition in mountainous regions of the U.K. is satisfactory.  相似文献   

Accessing genetic resources: international law establishes multilateral system     

Cary Fowler 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2004,51(6):609-620

The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture is rapidly gathering sufficient ratifications to become international law. Once it enters into force, it will define the rules for access and benefit-sharing associated with most genetic resources of major food crops. This paper explains how the new Multilateral System established by the Treaty will work, and points out a number of ambiguities and problems in the text. Despite these shortcomings, the Treaty provides the international community of researchers, plant breeders, and farmers with an opportunity to foster cooperation and further the conservation and use of plant genetic resources.  相似文献   

Mapping human brain monoamine oxidase A and B with 11C-labeled suicide inactivators and PET   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J S Fowler  R R MacGregor  A P Wolf  C D Arnett  S L Dewey  D Schlyer  D Christman  J Logan  M Smith  H Sachs 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1987,235(4787):481-485

The regional distributions of monoamine oxidase (MAO) types A and B have been identified in human brain in vivo with intravenously injected 11C-labeled suicide enzyme inactivators, clorgyline and L-deprenyl, and positron emission tomography. The rapid brain uptake and retention of radioactivity for both 11C tracers indicated irreversible trapping. The anatomical distribution of 11C paralleled the distribution of MAO A and MAO B in human brain in autopsy material. The corpus striatum, thalamus, and brainstem contained high MAO activity. The magnitudes of uptake of both [11C]clorgyline and L-[11C]deprenyl were markedly reduced in one subject treated with the antidepressant MAO inhibitor phenelzine. A comparison of the brain uptake and retention of the 11C-labeled inactive (D-) and active (L-) enantiomers of deprenyl showed rapid clearance of the inactive enantiomer and retention of the active enantiomer within MAO B-rich brain structures, in agreement with the known stereoselectivity of MAO B for L-deprenyl. Prior treatment with unlabeled L-deprenyl prevented retention of L-[11C]deprenyl. Thus, suicide enzyme inactivators labeled with positron emitters can be used to quantitate the distribution and kinetic characteristics of MAO in human brain structures.  相似文献   

Cross-linked fibrinogen dimers demonstrate a feature of the molecular packing in fibrin fibers   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

W E Fowler  H P Erickson  R R Hantgan  J McDonagh  J Hermans 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1981,211(4479):287-289

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An empirical test of recruitment limitation in a coral reef fish     

Doherty P  Fowler T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1994,263(5149):935-939

A long-term, large-scale empirical test of the recruitment limitation hypothesis was done by sampling fish populations from the southern Great Barrier Reef after having monitored their recruitment histories for 9 years. After adjustment for demographic differences, recruitment patterns explained over 90 percent of the spatial variation in abundance of a common damselfish among seven coral reefs. The age structures from individual reefs also preserved major temporal variations in the recruitment signal over at least 10 years. Abundance and demography of this small fish at these spatial and temporal scales can be explained almost entirely as variable recruitment interacting with density-independent mortality.  相似文献   

AN ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION WITH TETRAHYMENA WHICH RESULTS IN DYSTOMY     

Harrison JA  Fowler EH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1945,102(2638):65-66

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NOTE ON SOME PENNSYLVANIA FISHES     

Fowler HW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1910,31(792):345-346

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EXOGLOSSUM IN THE DELAWARE     

Fowler HW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1905,21(548):994-995

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Sharing agriculture's genetic bounty     

Fowler C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,297(5579):157

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Orographic enhancement of wet deposition in the United Kingdom: case studies and modelling     

D. W. F. Inglis  T. W. Choularton  A. J. Wicks  D. Fowler  I. D. Leith  B. Werkman  J. Binnie 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,85(4):2119-2124

Two field experiments to observe the detailed response of wet deposition to orography in a polluted environment are reported. Rain events were classed as frontal, convective or mixed on the basis of meteorological data. Analysis of the deposition enhancement and cap cloud composition confirmed that for the frontal events the seeder-feeder effect (scavenging of cap cloud by rain drops) dominates. The greater concentration of ions in the water scavenged from the cap cloud than in the rain means that deposition is enhanced for all ions. For marine ions the scavenged water was found to be between five and six times as concentrated as the rain and for anthropogenically produced ions it was about twice as concentrated.A computational model of rainfall incorporating the seeder-feeder effect has been broadly successful in predicting enhancement although some details of the observed pattern remain to be explained.  相似文献