Characterization of Spatial Variability Structure in Three Separate Field Trials on Pesticide Dissipation     

Costantino Vischetti  Mario Businelli  Mauro Marini  Ettore Capri  Marco Trevisan  Attilio A. M. Del Re  Lucia Donnarumma  Elisa Conte  Giancarlo Imbroglini 《Pest management science》1997,50(3):175-182

Experiments were carried out on three Italian farms to assess the degree of spatial variation of pesticide field concentration during treatment and during dissipation trials. Test pesticides were chloridazon and metamitron (both sugar-beet herbicides) applied as a tank mix. The classical statistical technique and geostatistics were used to summarize and evaluate variable spatial data. The results show that the actual values of pesticide concentration for application rate and initial concentration in all three areas are lower than expected, thus indicating that under field conditions only a part of the pesticide reaches the soil during the distribution. The actual values for both herbicides in all three areas expressed as percentage of expected values ranged from 44·1% to 64·2% for application rate and from 40·5% to 99·5% for initial concentration. The coefficient of variation was similar for both pesticides and ranged from 23·8 to 74·1 for application rate, 24·1 and 58·8 for initial concentration and 11·1 and 110·0 for dissipation half-lives. The high variability in application rate and initial concentration could be ascribed to an uneven herbicide distribution, and in dissipation studies to variation in half-lives for the rate of herbicide loss from soil in different parts of the field. Geostatistic analysis indicated little spatial correlation, probably because the sampling sites were widely spaced on the field. In all cases, the data were not sufficient to estimate the range of influence, probably because of the size of the experimental fields and the sampling strategy. © 1997 SCI.  相似文献   

Influence of microbiota in the susceptibility of parasitic wasps to abamectin insecticide: deep sequencing,esterase and toxicity tests     

María del Mar Fernndez  Ivan Meeus  Annelies Billiet  Filip Van Nieuwerburgh  Dieter Deforce  Peter Vandamme  Elisa Viuela  Guy Smagghe 《Pest management science》2019,75(1):79-86

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Breeding for grapevine downy mildew resistance: a review of “omics” approaches     

Daniele Buonassisi  Monica Colombo  Daniele Migliaro  Chiara Dolzani  Elisa Peressotti  Chiara Mizzotti  Riccardo Velasco  Simona Masiero  Michele Perazzolli  Silvia Vezzulli 《Euphytica》2017,213(5):103

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Field inoculation effectiveness of native and exotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a Mediterranean agricultural soil     

Elisa Pellegrino  Stefano Bedini  Enrico Bonari 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(2):367-376

In sustainable agriculture, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal inoculation in agronomical management might be very important, especially when the efficiency of native inocula is poor. Here, we assessed the effect of native and exotic selected AM fungal inocula on plant growth and nutrient uptake in a low input Trifolium alexandrinum-Zea mays crop rotation. We evaluated the effects of four exotic AM fungal isolates on T. alexandrinum physiological traits in greenhouse. Then, the field performances of T. alexandrinum inoculated with the exotic AMF, both single and mixed, were compared to those obtained with a native inoculum, using a multivariate analysis approach. Finally, we tested the residual effect of AM fungal field inoculation on maize as following crop. Multivariate analysis showed that the field AM fungal inoculation increased T. alexandrinum and Z. mays productivity and quality and that the native inoculum was as effective as, or more effective than, exotic AM fungal isolates. Moreover, the beneficial effects of AMF were persistent until the second year after inoculation. The use of native AMF, produced on farm with mycotrophic plants species, may represent a convenient alternative to commercial AM fungal inocula, and may offer economically and ecologically important advantages in sustainable or organic cropping systems.  相似文献   

Immobilization of recombinant invertase (re-INVB) from Zymomonas mobilis on D-sorbitol cinnamic ester for production of invert sugar     

Vallejo-Becerra V  Marín-Zamora ME  Vásquez-Bahena JM  Rojas-Melgarejo F  Hidalgo-Lara ME  García-Ruiz PA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(4):1392-1397

The recombinant invertase (re-INVB) from Zymomonas mobilis was immobilized by adsorption onto the totally cinnamoylated derivative of D-sorbitol. The polymerization and cross-linking of the derivative initially obtained was achieved by irradiation in the ultraviolet region, where this prepolymer shows maximum sensitivity. Immobilization of re-INVB on this support involves a process of physical adsorption and intense hydrophobic interactions between the cinnamoyl groups of the support and related groups of the enzyme. Enzyme concentration, immobilization time, and irradiation time were important parameters affecting the immobilization efficiency. The optimum reaction pH of immobilized enzyme was 5, and the optimal reaction temperature was 40 degrees C. The apparent Michaelis constant and the apparent catalytic constant of re-INVB immobilized on the SOTCN derivative acting on sucrose was 78+/-5 mM and 5x10(4)+/-3x10(2) s(-1), respectively, while for the free enzyme, it was 98.0+/-4 mM and 1.2x10(4)+/-2.5x10(2) s(-1), respectively, suggesting a better apparent affinity of the enzyme for the substrate and a better hydrolysis rate when immobilized than when in solution. Immobilized re-INVB also showed good thermal stability and good operational stability (40% of the initial activity remaining after 45 cyles of 1 min duration and 90.6 mg of sucrose being hydrolyzed in 45 min per 2.5 mg of immobilized protein). The results showed that cinnamic carbohydrate esters of D-sorbitol are an appropriate support for re-INVB immobilization and the production of invert sugar.  相似文献   

Lab-scale feasibility tests for sediment treatment using different physico-chemical techniques     

Gianni Andreottola  Luca Bonomo  Giorgia De Gioannis  Elisa Ferrarese  Aldo Muntoni  Alessandra Polettini  Raffaella Pomi  Sabrina Saponaro 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2010,10(1):142-150

Purpose  

The fairly high amounts of sediments dredged in coastal or internal water bodies for navigational and/or environmental purposes claims for the identification of appropriate management strategies. Dredged sediments are frequently affected by organic and inorganic contamination, so that their reuse, as an alternative to final landfill disposal, could need remediation. In this framework, a two-year joint research project was carried out to assess the feasibility of different remediation technologies for the treatment of polluted sediments.  相似文献   

POPs in Mountain Soils from the Alps and Andes: Suggestions for a ‘Precipitation Effect’ on Altitudinal Gradients   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Paolo Tremolada  Sara Villa  Paolo Bazzarin  Elisa Bizzotto  Roberto Comolli  Marco Vighi 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2008,188(1-4):93-109

POPs are still a priority environmental problem, but can be used as a scientific tool for understanding the distribution phenomena. Both high mountains and polar areas are seen as priority zones for contamination studies. In this context, two altitudinal series of soil samples were analysed for several classes of Persistent Organic Pollutants (PCBs, DDTs, HCHs, HCB and chlordane). Two transects were carried out – one in the Peruvian Andes (Cordillera Blanca) and the other in the Italian Alps (Mount Legnone). In these two areas, POP composition and levels both gave different results, linked to regional emission history. The Italian samples were characterized by high levels of industrial type compounds, and by surprisingly high DDT contamination, due to a defined consistent local source in Northern Italy. The Peruvian samples, on the other hand, were characterized by generally low POP levels with relatively high DDT contamination. The concentration increase in line with elevation was evident only in the Italian transect, where higher precipitation intensities and an increasingly higher precipitation gradient in accordance with altitude was found present. Precipitations are considered a key factor for enhancing the condensation effect at high altitudes and for reducing summer revolatilisation, as they lower soil temperature. In the Italian altitudinal gradient, evidence of fractionation processes, with a shift of the PCB composition towards less chlorinated congeners, and a vegetation effect with a mean woodland/grassland enrichment factor between 2 and 4 were also observed.  相似文献   

Interleukin-10 expression by real-time PCR and homology modelling analysis in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus Labrax L.)     

Francesco Buonocore  Elisa Randelli  Steve Bird  Chris J. Secombes  Angelo Facchiano  Susan Costantini  Giuseppe Scapigliati 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2007,270(1-4):512-522

In this paper we investigate the interleukin-10 (IL-10) expression and 3D modelling of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). IL-10 is a regulatory cytokine that has been intensively studied in mammals and has been found mainly involved in the suppression or deactivation of activated immune responses. The full-length sea bass IL-10 cDNA consists of 1015 bp and is translated in a predicted molecule of 187 amino acids. A multiple alignment of this peptide with other known sequences showed the conservation of fundamental IL-10 family characteristics. Expression analysis by real-time PCR in control fish showed a high basal expression in the head kidney (HK), followed by gut and brain. In vitro treatment of HK leucocytes with LPS showed an intense increase of IL-10 expression at 4 h and a significant decrease at 24 h, with PHA-L no differences were evidenced. A 3D model for sea bass IL-10 was obtained by accurate homology procedures and putative interaction residues with the IL-10 receptor described. The results suggested that sea bass IL-10 could be involved in anti-inflammatory responses, but further experiments are needed to assess its importance in response to pathogenic agents, vaccinations and immunostimulants.  相似文献