Benefits and risks of barefoot harness racing in Standardbred trotters     

Marina Sol  Gabriella Lindgren  Erik Bongcam‐Rudloff  Anna Jansson 《Animal Science Journal》2020,91(1)

There is a lack of research on the benefits and risks of shoeing conditions in harness racing. Thus, our objectives were to: (a) investigate whether velocity times (VT; s/km) are affected by racing unshod (N = 76,932 records on 5,247 horses); (b) determine the potential risks of galloping, being penalized, and disqualification when competing unshod (N = 111,755 records on 6,423 horses); and (c) identify additional environmental factors that affect VT and risks. VT was found to be significantly influenced by shoeing condition (e.g., unshod, shod front, shod hind, or fully shod), but also by sex, age, season, track, track condition, start method, start position, distance, and driver‐horse performance level (p < 2e‐16). The risks of galloping and disqualification were significantly influenced by shoeing condition, sex, age, season, track, start method, start position, or driver‐horse performance level (p ≤ .05). Horses racing unshod had 0.7 s/km lower VT than fully shod horses and showed better performance when racing on neutral tracks during the late summer than horses with other shoeing conditions during the same period. However, racing unshod increased the relative risks of galloping and disqualification by 15%–35% in all seasons. Horses shod only on the hind hooves showed better performance than fully shod horses, without higher risks associated with competing unshod.  相似文献   

Comparison of cross-sectional anatomy and computed tomography of the tarsus in horses     

Raes EV  Bergman EH  van der Veen H  Vanderperren K  Van der Vekens E  Saunders JH 《American journal of veterinary research》2011,72(9):1209-1221

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Exploring global irrigation patterns: A multilevel modelling approach   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Kathleen Neumann  Elke Stehfest  Peter H. Verburg  Stefan Siebert  Christoph Müller  Tom Veldkamp 《Agricultural Systems》2011,104(9):703-713

Globally, areas that are equipped for irrigation have almost doubled in size over the past 50 years and further expansions are expected for the future, to meet a growing food demand. For developing countries, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) expects these areas to be expanded by 40 million ha, by 2030. Knowledge about the constraints to irrigation and spatially explicit information about the potential for irrigation expansion, however, are lacking on a global scale. The objective of our study was to explain the global pattern of irrigated croplands and to identify cropping regions where irrigation is likely to be expanded. We accounted for biophysical determinants, such as humidity and slope, mainly at grid-cell level. Socio-economic and governance determinants, for example, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and control of corruption, were primarily considered on a country level, given the limitations in availability of sub-national data and the role of national level governance in irrigation decisions. To identify the variability of the determinants within these two spatial levels, we conducted a multilevel analysis. This is a method employing regression models that explicitly account for hierarchically structured data. Results show significant variability in terms of irrigation. While 56% of the global variance in irrigation occurs between countries, 44% occurs within countries. Our results suggest that it is necessary to consider biophysical, socio-economic and governance information for identifying cropland areas that are likely to be under irrigation. Under current conditions, conversion from rainfed to irrigated cropland is most likely in eastern China, northern Africa, and parts of the Mediterranean region.  相似文献   

The role of albumin replacement in the critically ill veterinary patient     

Elisa M. Mazzaferro  MS  DVM    Elke Rudloff  DVM  DACVECC  Rebecca Kirby  DVM  DACVIM  DACVECC 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2002,12(2):113-124

Objective: To review the human and veterinary literature on the physiological role and effects of therapeutic albumin supplementation. Data sources: Data from human and veterinary literature was reviewed. Human data synthesis: Hypoalbuminemia often occurs in a variety of critical illnesses, and contributes to the development of life‐threatening complications, including pulmonary edema, delayed wound healing, feeding intolerance, hypercoaguability, and multiple organ dysfunction. Serum albumin concentration has been used as a prognostic indicator in cases of chronic hypoalbuminemia. The use of albumin replacement therapy in humans is sometimes controversial, but may be associated with improved morbidity and decreased mortality. Veterinary data synthesis: Unlike human literature, there is a paucity of controlled clinical studies in the literature regarding albumin supplementation in veterinary patients. Rather, the majority of published studies were performed in experimental animals or via retrospective analyses. One recent study evaluated the use of plasma to improve albumin concentration in dogs with hypoalbuminemia. Other older studies investigated wound healing in dogs with experimentally induced hypoalbuminemia. As in human medicine, serum albumin concentration may be helpful as a prognostic indicator in critically ill dogs. Conclusion: Albumin is one of the most important proteins in the body because of its role in maintenance of colloid oncotic pressure, substrate transport, buffering capacity, as a mediator of coagulation and wound healing, and free‐radical scavenging. Albumin replacement in veterinary medicine is difficult, but until prospective clinical trials determine the efficacy of albumin replacement are conducted, a suggested clinical guideline would be to maintain albumin concentration at or above 2.0 g/dl utilizing fresh frozen plasma.  相似文献   

Susceptibility of sheep to European bat lyssavirus type-1 and -2 infection: a clinical pathogenesis study     

Brookes SM  Klopfleisch R  Müller T  Healy DM  Teifke JP  Lange E  Kliemt J  Johnson N  Johnson L  Kaden V  Vos A  Fooks AR 《Veterinary microbiology》2007,125(3-4):210-223

European bat lyssaviruses (EBLVs) have been known to cross the species barrier from their native bat host to other terrestrial mammals. In this study, we have confirmed EBLV-1 and EBLV-2 susceptibility in sheep (Ovis ammon) following intracranial and peripheral (intramuscular) inoculation. Notably, mild clinical disease was observed in those exposed to virus via the intramuscular route. Following the intramuscular challenge, 75% of the animals infected with EBLV-1 and 100% of those that were challenged with EBLV-2 developed clinical signs of rabies and then recovered during the 94-day observation period. Disease pathogenesis also varied substantially between the two viruses. Infection with EBLV-1 resulted in peracute clinical signs, which are suggestive of motor neuron involvement. Antibody induction was observed and substantial inflammatrory infiltrate in the brain. In contrast, more antigen was detected in the EBLV-2-infected sheep brains but less inflammatory infiltrate and no virus neutralising antibody was evident. The latter involved a more protracted disease that was behaviour orientated. A high infectious dose was required to establish EBLV infection under experimental conditions (> or =5.0 logs/ml) but the infectious dose in field cases remains unknown. These data confirm that sheep are susceptible to infection with EBLV but that there is variability in pathogenesis including neuroinvasiveness that varies with the route of infection. This study suggests that inter-species animal-to-animal transmission of a bat variant of rabies virus to a terrestrial mammal host may be limited, and may not always result in fatal encephalitis.  相似文献   

Intra‐ and Interobserver Agreement on Radiographic Phenotype in the Diagnosis of Canine Hip Dysplasia          下载免费PDF全文

Ruth R. Fortrie DVM  Geert Verhoeven DVM  PhD  Diplomate ECVS  Bart Broeckx DVM  Luc Duchateau MSc  PhD  Luc Janssens DVM  PhD  Diplomate ECVS  Yves Samoy DVM  PhD  Elke Schreurs DVM  Diplomate ECVDI  Jimmy Saunders DVM  PhD  Diplomate ECVDI  Henri van Bree DVM  PhD  Diplomate ECVS & ECVDI  Peter Vandekerckhove DVM  Diplomate ECVS  Frank Coopman DVM  PhD  MSc 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2015,44(4):467-473

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24-h sheltering behaviour of individually kept horses during Swedish summer weather     

Elke Hartmann  Richard J Hopkins  Claudia von Br?mssen  Kristina Dahlborn 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2015,57(1)

Background

Provision of shelter for horses kept on summer pasture is rarely considered in welfare guidelines, perhaps because the benefits of shelter in warm conditions are poorly documented scientifically. For cattle, shade is a valued resource during summer and can mitigate the adverse effects of warm weather on well-being and performance. We found in a previous study that horses utilized shelters frequently in summer. A shelter with a roof and closed on three sides (shelter A) was preferred and can reduce insect pressure whereas a shelter with roof and open on three sides was not utilized. However, shelter A restricts the all-round view of a horse, which may be important for horses as flight animals. Therefore, we studied whether a shelter with roof, where only the upper half of the rear wall was closed (shelter B), would be utilized while maintaining insect protection properties and satisfying the horses’ sense for security. A third shelter was offered with walls but no roof (shelter C) to evaluate whether the roof itself is an important feature from the horse’s perspective. Eight Warmblood horses were tested each for 2 days, kept individually for 24 h in two paddocks with access to shelters A and B, or shelters A and C, respectively. Shelter use was recorded continuously during the night (1800–2400 h, 0200–0600 h) and the following day (0900–1600 h), and insect defensive behaviour (e.g., tail swish) in instantaneous scan samples at 5-min intervals during daytime.

Results

Seven horses used both shelters A and B, but when given the choice between shelters A and C, shelter C was scarcely visited. There was no difference in duration of shelter use between night (105.8 ± 53.6 min) and day (100.8 ± 53.8, P = 0.829). Daytime shelter use had a significant effect on insect defensive behaviours (P = 0.027). The probability of performing these behaviours was lowest when horses used shelter A compared to being outside (P = 0.038).

Conclusions

Horses only utilized shelters with a roof whilst a shelter with roof and closed on three sides had the best potential to lower insect disturbance during daytime in summer.  相似文献   

Maintenance in genebanks, a case study: contaminations observed in the Nu¨rnberg oats of 1831     

Adolf Martin Steiner  Peter Ruckenbauer  Elke Goecke 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1997,44(6):533-538

The genetic identity and purity of the Nu¨rnberg oats of 1831 stored at Freising, Braunschweig and Linz were studied by storage-protein electrophoresis. The seven oat lines showed two electrophoretic phenotypes with frequencies of five and two. All conceivable levels of contamination of the lines were found ranging from identity over contamination by the respective other Nu¨rnberg phenotype and/or foreign phenotypes up to the replacement of a line by a foreign phenotype. In addition, at one of the storage sites the identification numbers are different. The case study shows vividly that genotype maintenance in genebanks demands the utmost care.  相似文献   

Prof. Dr. Habil. Dr. H. C. Martin Körschens Zum 65. Geburtstag     

Elke Schulz  Wilhelm Simon 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(5):361-364

Minimierung von Stoffbelastungen und Sicherung der Nachhaltigkeit sind die beiden Seiten, die Kriterienauswahl und Bewertungsprozeß der Kategorie Düngung prägen.

Das Gefährdungspotential der Kategorie wird durch 13 quantifizierbare und kontrollfähige Kriterien beschrieben. Für diese werden ökologische Optima und kritische Belastungen definiert, die die Grundlage für Bewertungsprozesse von Landwirtschaftsbetrieben bilden. Gleichzeitig wird damit ein Rahmen vorgegeben, der standortbezogen den tolerierbaren und damit umweltverträglichen Bereich der Düngung absteckt. Mittels dieses Rahmens können Betriebe umfassend bewertet, Problemfelder identifiziert und Korrekturerfordernisse formuliert werden.  相似文献   

The representation of landscapes in global scale assessments of environmental change     

Peter H. Verburg  Sanneke van Asselen  Emma H. van der Zanden  Elke Stehfest 《Landscape Ecology》2013,28(6):1067-1080

Landscape ecology has provided valuable insights in the relations between spatial structure and the functioning of landscapes. However, in most global scale environmental assessments the representation of landscapes is reduced to the dominant land cover within a 0.5 degree pixel, disregarding the insights about the role of structure, pattern and composition for the functioning of the landscape. This paper discusses the contributions landscape ecology can make to global scale environmental assessments. It proposes new directions for representing landscape characteristics at broad spatial scales. A contribution of landscape ecologists to the representation of landscape characteristics in global scale assessments will foster improved information and assessments for the design of sustainable earth system governance strategies.  相似文献