Larger floods reduce soil CO₂ efflux during the post-flooding phase in seasonally-flooded forests of Western Amazonia     

Emma M. DOCHERTY  Andrew D. THOMAS 《土壤圈》2021,31(2):342-352

Seasonally flooded várzea forests of Western Amazonia are one of the most productive and biodiverse wetland forests in the world.However,data on their soil CO₂emissions,soil organic matter decomposition rates,and soil C stocks are scarce.This is a concern because hydrological changes are predicted to lead to increases in the height,extent,and duration of seasonal floods,which are likely to have a significant effect on soil C stocks and fluxes.However,with no empirical data,the impact of altered flood regimes on várzea soil C cycles remains uncertain.This study quantified the effects of maximum annual flood height and soil moisture on soil CO₂efflux rate(R_s)and soil organic matter decomposition rate(k)in the várzea forests of Pacaya Samiria National Reserve,Peru.The study was conducted between May and August 2017.The results showed that R_s(10.6–182.7 mg C m^-2h^-1)and k(0.016–0.078)varied between and within sites,and were considerably lower than the values reported for other tropical forests.In addition,R_swas negatively affected by flood height(P<0.01)and soil moisture(P<0.001),and it decreased with decreasing river levels post flooding(P<0.001).In contrast,k was not affected by any of the above-mentioned factors.Soil moisture was the dominant factor influencing R_s,and it was significantly affected by maximum flood height,even after the floods had subsided(P<0.001).Consequently,we concluded that larger floods will likely lead to reduced R_s,whilst k could remain unchanged but with decomposition processes becoming more anaerobic.  相似文献   

Condition-dependent transcriptome reveals high-level regulatory architecture in Bacillus subtilis     

Nicolas P  Mäder U  Dervyn E  Rochat T  Leduc A  Pigeonneau N  Bidnenko E  Marchadier E  Hoebeke M  Aymerich S  Becher D  Bisicchia P  Botella E  Delumeau O  Doherty G  Denham EL  Fogg MJ  Fromion V  Goelzer A  Hansen A  Härtig E  Harwood CR  Homuth G  Jarmer H  Jules M  Klipp E  Le Chat L  Lecointe F  Lewis P  Liebermeister W  March A  Mars RA  Nannapaneni P  Noone D  Pohl S  Rinn B  Rügheimer F  Sappa PK  Samson F  Schaffer M  Schwikowski B  Steil L  Stülke J  Wiegert T  Devine KM  Wilkinson AJ  van Dijl JM  Hecker M  Völker U  Bessières P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6072):1103-1106

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Comparison of two formulations of buprenorphine in cats administered by the oral transmucosal route     

Bortolami E  Slingsby L  Love EJ 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2012,14(8):534-539

This randomised, blinded, cross-over study investigated the ease of oral transmucosal administration of two formulations of buprenorphine using glucose as a control in 12 cats. The cats received three treatments: buprenorphine multi-dose, buprenorphine and the equivalent volume of glucose 5%. Ease of treatment administration, observation of swallowing, changes in pupil size, sedation, salivation, vomiting, behaviour and food intake were assessed. The data were analysed using MLwiN and multi-level modelling. Ease of administration of buprenorphine multi-dose was statistically different from glucose (P <0.001), and the administration of all treatments became easier over the study periods. Swallowing was not statistically different between groups (P >0.05). Mydriasis was evident after the administration of both formulations of buprenorphine. Sedation, salivation, vomiting, behavioural changes or in-appetence were not observed after any treatment. Cats tolerated oral transmucosal administration of glucose better than buprenorphine multi-dose, while buprenorphine administration was tolerated as well as glucose.  相似文献   

Use of mid-humeral block of the radial, ulnar, musculocutaneous and median (RUMM block) nerves for extensor carpi radialis muscle biopsy in a conscious dog with generalized neuro-muscular disease     

Bortolami E  Love EJ  Harcourt-Brown TR  Higgs P  Robinson K 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2012,39(4):446-447

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The strengths of statistical techniques in identifying patterns underlying apparently random behavioral problems in horses     

Jo Hockenhull  Emma Creighton 《Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research》2012,7(5):305-310

The inability of owners to recognize patterns behind the seemingly disparate or random behavior problems expressed by their horse has major welfare implications. Principal components analysis has been successfully used to explore relationships between individual behavior problems in dogs, and it may be a valuable tool in recognizing relationships between problem behaviors in horses. Here, we report how principal components analysis has been used to identify relationships underlying individual behavior problems in horses using data generated from a large-scale Internet survey of United Kingdom leisure horses. Horse-level data on the performance of 44 individual behavior problems, encompassing stable-related and handling behavior problems, prefeeding behavior problems, and ridden behavior problems, were reduced to 12 behavior problem components. Each component was composed of groups of behavior problems that may share a common underlying etiology. These findings demonstrate the value of statistical techniques in identifying associations between apparently random behavior problems. Recognizing relationships between individual problems may prompt owners to take earlier action to resolve them, thereby improving their horse’s welfare.  相似文献   

Enantioselective C-H crotylation of primary alcohols via hydrohydroxyalkylation of butadiene     

Zbieg JR  Yamaguchi E  McInturff EL  Krische MJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6079):324-327

The direct, by-product-free conversion of basic feedstocks to products of medicinal and agricultural relevance is a broad goal of chemical research. Butadiene is a product of petroleum cracking and is produced on an enormous scale (about 12 × 10(6) metric tons annually). Here, with the use of a ruthenium catalyst modified by a chiral phosphate counterion, we report the direct redox-triggered carbon-carbon coupling of alcohols and butadiene to form products of carbonyl crotylation with high levels of anti-diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity in the absence of stoichiometric by-products.  相似文献   

Acquired extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in a young dog     

Agg EJ 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2006,47(7):697-699

A young, male miniature poodle was presented with severe neurological problems. Laboratory tests and ultrasonograph examination were consistent with extrahepatic portosystemic shunts, resulting in hepatic encephalopathy. When surgical correction proved not to be a viable option, the dog was euthanized. Postmortem examination revealed multiple shunts likely acquired after severe hepatitis.  相似文献   

Angiostrongylus vasorum in canids     

Tomlinson AJ  Taylor M  Roberts E 《The Veterinary record》2006,159(2):60

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Bactericidal activity of macrophages against Streptococcus uberis is different in mammary gland secretions of lactating and drying off cows     

Denis M  Parlane NA  Lacy-Hulbert SJ  Summers EL  Buddle BM  Wedlock DN 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2006,114(1-2):111-120

The aim of this study was to compare the ability of milk macrophages and macrophages from the mammary gland secretions during the mid-dry period for their interaction with the mastitis-causing Streptococcus uberis. We also aimed to determine if S. uberis induced the release of the cytokine tumour necrosis alpha (TNF-alpha) and the bactericidal moiety nitric oxide (NO) from milk macrophages of lactating cows and macrophages from the mammary gland secretions at the mid-dry period. Macrophages were isolated from the mammary gland secretions of cows during the mid-lactation or mid-dry period, and compared with blood monocytes for their interaction with the important mastitis-causing pathogen S. uberis. When infected in vitro with S. uberis, milk macrophages from lactating cows with S. uberis released modest amounts of the cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) (139 pg/ml) and the bactericidal moiety nitric oxide (NO) (3-4 microM of nitrite). Blood monocytes from lactating cows released significantly higher amounts of TNF-alpha (345 +/- 143 pg/ml) and NO (7 +/- 2 microM of nitrite) after interaction with S. uberis, compared to milk macrophages (P < 0.01 for both TNF-alpha and NO). Stimulation of blood monocytes with the cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) enhanced significantly the release of NO and TNF-alpha, but IFN-gamma did not significantly enhance the production of NO and TNF-alpha by milk macrophages from lactating cows. Milk macrophages from all lactating cows failed to kill S. uberis efficiently, and this lack of killing was unaffected by prior treatment with gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) (P > 0.05). Rather, S. uberis multiplied significantly inside infected milk macrophages from lactating cows, with a two-fold increase in bacterial numbers at 2 h post-infection. Milk macrophages from lactating cows were able however, to kill a significant proportion (50-60%, P < 0.01) of phagocytosed Staphylococcus aureus. Blood monocytes from all cows were found to exert significant bactericidal activity against S. uberis. There were no significant differences in the bactericidal activity of milk macrophages obtained from lactating cows with low somatic cell counts (SCC; < 10(5) ml(-1)) compared with those with a mildly elevated SCC (> 10(5) ml(-1)) (P > 0.05). In contrast, mammary gland secretion macrophages isolated from the same cows in the mid-dry period killed a significant proportion of phagocytosed S. uberis (50-65% of ingested S. uberis killed, P < 0.01) although cytokine production in response to in vitro bacterial infection was low. We conclude that the bactericidal activity of mammary gland secretion macrophages against a virulent strain of S. uberis is low during the lactation period. In addition, our data indicate that S. uberis is not a strong inducer of NO and TNF-alpha in macrophages from the milk or mammary gland secretions of cows during the drying off period. Finally, IFN-gamma does not activate milk macrophages or macrophages from cows during the lactating period or mammary gland secretions during the drying off period.  相似文献   

In situ coagulation and transection of the ovarian pedicle: An alternative to laparoscopic ovariectomy in juvenile horses   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Ryan W. Shoemaker  Emma K. Read  Tanya Duke    David G. Wilson 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》2004,68(1):27-32

The feasibility of leaving the ovaries within the peritoneal cavity after laparoscopic coagulation and transection of the ovarian pedicle was assessed in the juvenile horse. Elective ovariectomy was performed on 10 quarter horses, aged 4 to 5 mo, with the fillies in a Trendelenburg position. The mesovarium was isolated, and multiple coagulation and transection cycles were performed until all ovarian attachments had been severed. The ovaries were dropped within the abdomen, and hemostasis of the transected mesovarium was evaluated before closure. The mean surgical time was 33 min (range, 23 to 48 min). Ten weeks after surgery the fillies were humanely euthanized. At postmortem examination, the ovary location within the abdomen was noted. In 1 horse, there was an abdominal adhesion; viscera had been punctured during insufflation. Of the 20 ovaries, 4 were free-floating within the abdominal cavity; the other 16 were enveloped in the free portion of the greater omentum in the cranioventral abdomen. Histologic examination of the ovaries was performed to assess follicle cell viability. In both the free-floating and the attached ovaries, the deep blood vessels and all examined follicular structures were necrotic and partially mineralized. Laparoscopic electrosurgical transection of the ovarian pedicle without removal of the ovaries should be considered an alternative to other ovariectomy techniques that may be performed in young female horses.  相似文献