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Immobilization of heavy metals in soils using inorganic amendments in a greenhouse study 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The effect of red mud (10 g kg–1), a by‐product of the alumina industry, zeolite (20 g kg–1), a naturally‐occurring hydrous aluminosilicate, and lime (3 g kg–1) on metal lability in soil and uptake by fescue (Festuca rubra L.) (FEST) and amaranthus (Amaranthus hybridus L.) (AMA) was investigated in four different soils from Austria. The soil collection locations were Untertiefenbach (UNT), Weyersdorf (WEY), Reisenberg (REI), and Arnoldstein (ARN). The latter was collected in the vicinity of a former Pb‐Zn smelter and was highly polluted with Pb (12300 mg kg–1), Zn (2713 mg kg–1), and Cd (19.7 mg kg–1) by long‐term deposition. The other soils were spiked with Zn (700 mg kg–1), Cu (250 mg kg–1), Ni (100 mg kg–1), V (100 mg kg–1), and Cd (7 mg kg–1) salts in 1987. The two plant species were cultivated for 15 months. Ammonium nitrate (1 M) extraction was used in a soil : solution ratio of 1:2.5 to assess the influence of the amendments on the labile metal pools. The reduction of metal extractability due to red mud was 70 % (Cd), 89 % (Zn), and 74 % (Ni) in the sandy soil (WEY). Plant uptake in this treatment was reduced by 38 to 87 % (Cd), 50 to 81 % (Zn), and 66 to 87 % (Ni) when compared to the control. Sequential extraction revealed relative enrichments of Fe‐oxide‐associated metal fractions at the expense of exchangeable metal fractions. Red mud was the only amendment that decreased lability in soil and plant uptake of Zn, Cd, and Ni consistently. Possible drawbacks of red mud application (e.g., As and Cr concentration) remain to be evaluated. 相似文献
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The puroindoline genes are causatively associated with wheat grain hardness, a commercially significant property. The proteins puroindoline (PIN) A and B are both required in their wild-type (WT) to impart soft grain texture, and absence of/mutations in either/both PIN(s) results in hard wheat. However, there is no biochemical clarity yet that explains this interdependence. This work critically analyses the roles of the tryptophan-rich domain (TRD), the little-known hydrophobic domain (HD), and certain other residues, in the physical associations of PINs. Site-directed mutagenesis-PCR was used to delete the TRD or HD and introduce an Arg39Gly substitution in PINA. The PINB-D1c mutant (Leu60Pro) was also investigated. The yeast two-hybrid system was used to assess the protein–protein interactions (PPI) of proteins. The TRD deletion or Arg39Gly substitution in PINA did not adversely affect its PPI, while deletion of HD resulted in a significant reduction. No effect on PPI was observed for Leu60Pro PINB. The results of this expression system strongly suggest that the HD is essential (but not sufficient) in higher-order associations of PINs. We propose a two-event model that explains the co-operative action of the PINs and why mutations outside the TRD may alter grain texture. 相似文献
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The puroindoline genes Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1 located at the Ha locus on chromosome 5D of common wheat are considered the most important genetic determinants of grain hardness. The recent identification of Pinb-2 genes on group 7 chromosomes emphasises the need for detailed analysis of the genetics of this important trait. This study focussed on the analysis of Pinb-2 genes from accessions of hexaploid, tetraploid and diploid wheat, to address key questions related to their diversity and possible roles. Extensive DNA sequence heterogeneity was identified in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), leading to seventeen reproducible haplotypes, of which thirteen are new. The results confirmed the known groups Pinb-2v1 to Pinb-2v5, identified a new group Pinb-2v6, and showed that the Pinb-2 genes comprised a small multigene family, at least in some genomes. The putative proteins exhibited changes at the important tryptophan-rich domain as well as basic and hydrophobic residues. A new Pina-D1 allele (at Ha locus) was also identified, designated Pina-D1t, with a premature stop codon at the TRD. Additionally, peptides designed on PINB-2 proteins displayed activity against bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi. The data strongly support the Pinb-2 genes being functionally relevant to roles including influencing grain texture. 相似文献
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Cytology of the healthy canine and feline ocular surface: comparison between cytobrush and impression technique 
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Exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can induce anatomical and chemical changes that are components of defence responses in plants. Particularly, MeJA is well‐known to increase leaf trichome density to protect against insect herbivory, but surprisingly little is known about the effects of MeJA on other leaf properties and plant growth. Using sunflower (Helianthus annuus), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and soybean (Glycine max) treated with 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 mM MeJA, we examined changes in leaf trichome density, stomatal density, cuticle thickness, cuticle composition, plant height, and biomass production. For all three plant species, MeJA (especially at the higher concentrations) caused significant decreases in plant height (up to 39%) and biomass (up to 79%). MeJA caused substantial increases in leaf trichome density (being 1.3–3.5‐times higher) in all three species, with the magnitude of these effects increasing with MeJA concentration. However, we also observed that MeJA resulted in significant changes in cuticle composition and thickness, and stomatal density, although the magnitude of these changes was smaller relative to changes in trichome density. Specifically, high concentrations of MeJA increased the relative content of phenolic compounds and cutin in leaf cuticle while decreasing the relative content of polysaccharide. The changes in stomatal density varied with plant species and MeJA concentration. Also, MeJA increased cuticle thickness in tomato but decreased that in sunflower and soybean. Thus, studies investigating MeJA should also consider the importance of changes in other leaf properties and plant growth. 相似文献
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Enzo Vettorato Annalisa Zonca Maurizio Isola Roberto Villa Martina Gallo Giuliano Ravasio Michela Beccaglia Clara Montesissa Petra Cagnardi 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2010,183(3):310-315
Tramadol is a synthetic opioid agonist used extensively in human and, to a lesser extent, veterinary medicine throughout the world. The clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetic profile of intravenous (IV) and extradural (ED) tramadol (2 mg/kg) and its o-desmethyl metabolite were studied in dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO). Intra-operative cardiorespiratory variables were monitored and post-operative pain was assessed using the short form of the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale. A rapid (<5 min) and effective production of o-desmethyl tramadol was recorded. The pharmacokinetic profile was similar for tramadol and its metabolite irrespective of the route of administration. ED tramadol provided sufficient intra- and post-operative analgesia without significant clinical side-effects, but the post-operative analgesia was comparable to that following IV administration and the ED route could therefore not be considered a practical alternative to the IV route. 相似文献
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Chiara De Gennaro Enzo Vettorato Federico Corletto 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2022,63(1):67
This retrospective study assessed the effect of an intraoral bilateral maxillary nerve block in dogs undergoing surgery for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS). Records of dogs that underwent BOAS surgery were retrieved. Cases were assigned to Group B or C if a preoperative bilateral maxillary nerve block was performed or not. Type and dose of local anesthetic, inhalant anesthetic minimum alveolar concentration multiples, intraoperative fentanyl and injectable anesthetic use, prevalence of intraoperative hypotension or bradycardia, and postoperative opioids administration, were compared between groups. Sixty-seven cases met the inclusion criteria: 33 were assigned to Group B and 34 to Group C. In Group C, 18 dogs required intraoperative fentanyl (P = 0.005), and 12 needed injectable anesthetic top-ups (P = 0.006). Hypotension, or bradycardia, were not different between groups. Bilateral maxillary nerve block reduces intraoperative fentanyl and injectable anesthetic requirement in dogs undergoing BOAS surgery. 相似文献