The Paleozoic origin of enzymatic lignin decomposition reconstructed from 31 fungal genomes     

Floudas D  Binder M  Riley R  Barry K  Blanchette RA  Henrissat B  Martínez AT  Otillar R  Spatafora JW  Yadav JS  Aerts A  Benoit I  Boyd A  Carlson A  Copeland A  Coutinho PM  de Vries RP  Ferreira P  Findley K  Foster B  Gaskell J  Glotzer D  Górecki P  Heitman J  Hesse C  Hori C  Igarashi K  Jurgens JA  Kallen N  Kersten P  Kohler A  Kües U  Kumar TK  Kuo A  LaButti K  Larrondo LF  Lindquist E  Ling A  Lombard V  Lucas S  Lundell T  Martin R  McLaughlin DJ  Morgenstern I  Morin E  Murat C  Nagy LG  Nolan M  Ohm RA  Patyshakuliyeva A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6089):1715-1719

Wood is a major pool of organic carbon that is highly resistant to decay, owing largely to the presence of lignin. The only organisms capable of substantial lignin decay are white rot fungi in the Agaricomycetes, which also contains non-lignin-degrading brown rot and ectomycorrhizal species. Comparative analyses of 31 fungal genomes (12 generated for this study) suggest that lignin-degrading peroxidases expanded in the lineage leading to the ancestor of the Agaricomycetes, which is reconstructed as a white rot species, and then contracted in parallel lineages leading to brown rot and mycorrhizal species. Molecular clock analyses suggest that the origin of lignin degradation might have coincided with the sharp decrease in the rate of organic carbon burial around the end of the Carboniferous period.  相似文献   

Spatial relationship between human population density, land use intensity and biodiversity in the Czech Republic   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

David Va?ká?  Karel Chobot  Erika Orlitová 《Landscape Ecology》2012,27(9):1279-1290

We test a hypothesis about the spatial coincidence of human population density and species richness, and analyze effects of land conversion and ecosystem use on species richness and landscape diversity in human dominated Central European country, the Czech Republic. We calculated fraction of aboveground net primary productivity appropriated by humans and compared it to the species richness of vertebrate, invertebrate and plant groups and to landscape diversity index in 560 mapping grid squares with grid size approximately 130?km². Spatial correlations and regressions were established between human population density, appropriation of net primary production, land cover and biodiversity. We found positive spatial coincidence between human population density and species richness. Although the amount of net primary production was not related to species richness in general, we found significant negative spatial relationship between ecosystem use intensity and landscape diversity. As the area of the Czech Republic exhibits relatively high land use intensities, spatial patterns of human impacts have important implications for land management and biodiversity conservation in a cultural landscape.  相似文献   

Population structure of pigs determined by single nucleotide polymorphisms observed in assembled expressed sequence tags     

Toshimi MATSUMOTO  Naohiko OKUMURA  Hirohide UENISHI  Takeshi HAYASHI  Noriyuki HAMASIMA  Takashi AWATA 《Animal Science Journal》2012,83(1):14-22

We have collected more than 190 000 porcine expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from full‐length complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries and identified more than 2800 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In this study, we tentatively chose 222 SNPs observed in assembled ESTs to study pigs of different breeds; 104 were selected by comparing the cDNA sequences of a Meishan pig and samples of three‐way cross pigs (Landrace, Large White, and Duroc: LWD), and 118 were selected from LWD samples. To evaluate the genetic variation between the chosen SNPs from pig breeds, we determined the genotypes for 192 pig samples (11 pig groups) from our DNA reference panel with matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Of the 222 reference SNPs, 186 were successfully genotyped. A neighbor‐joining tree showed that the pig groups were classified into two large clusters, namely, Euro‐American and East Asian pig populations. F‐statistics and the analysis of molecular variance of Euro‐American pig groups revealed that approximately 25% of the genetic variations occurred because of intergroup differences. As the F_IS values were less than the F_ST values_, the clustering, based on the Bayesian inference, implied that there was strong genetic differentiation among pig groups and less divergence within the groups in our samples.  相似文献   

Lipoprotein metabolism in a coculture system with eel skeletal muscle cells and hepatocytes     

Nazneen  ALAM  Kaworu  NAKAMURA  Seiichi  HAYASHI 《Fisheries Science》2004,70(2):326-335

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Development and age‐related change of cerebrovascular noradrenergic (NA) innervation in the Japanese quail     

Kiyonori HAYASHI  Mitsuhiro FURUSE  Tomoki SOH  Haruo KUSABA  Hisao IWAMOTO  K ichi AND 《Animal Science Journal》2002,73(6):523-531

Development of cerebrovascular noradrenergic (NA) innervation was investigated in the Japanese quail, using histofluorescence technique and quantitative analysis. Cerebral perivascular NA nerves arose from the cerebral carotid (CCA), internal ethmoidal (IEA) and vertebral (VA) arteries before hatching, with the first appearance on the CCA and IEA at embryonic day (E) 8 and of the VA at E14. Nerves arising from the IEA were greater in number and spread more rapidly than those from the CCA and VA. On E16, fluorescent fiber bundles lying on the anterior circulation subdivided rapidly into thin fibers. Consequently, the number of NA nerves over the arterial system increased greatly at hatching, particularly along the distal portion of the anterior ramus. At the same developmental stage, all the major arteries of the anterior and posterior circulation were almost entirely covered by NA nerves. The abrupt reorganization of cerebrovascular NA innervation in newborn quails may be related to some specific trophic and vasomotor roles for structural and functional improvement of the cerebral circulation that is required for its brain differentiation at this critical period of development. The supply of NA nerves to the anterior and posterior circulations sequentially increased during development from posthatching day (P) 1–15. Plexuses of NA nerves in each of the major cerebral arteries at P22 and P42–50 were similar in meshwork construction to each other, and to those seen at P15. Likewise, there was no clear statistical difference in the nerve density of the corresponding arteries among the three posthatching ages, except for the caudal basilar artery.  相似文献   

Utilization of Gracilaria chilensis (Rhodophyta: Gracilariaceae) as a Biofilter in the Depuration of Effluents from Tank Cultures of Fish, Oysters, and Sea Urchins     

Fungyi  Chow  Juan  Macchiavello  Sergio Santa  Cruz  Erika  Fonck Jorge  Olivares 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2001,32(2):215-220

An evaluation was made on a seasonal basis of the effect of the marine macroalga culture Gracilaria chilensis on concentrations of some soluble and particulate wastes emitted during tank cultures of a fish Isacia conteptionis , an oyster Crassostrea gigas , and a sea urchin Loxechinus albus species. The animals were each cultured in separate tanks, and effluent from each was directed through separate tanks, which contained dense cultures of the Gracilaria chilensis . Inflow-outflow monitoring was conducted for the presence of nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, and phosphate. Also evaluated were particulate nitrogen and phosphate. The most significant wastes were ammonium from the fish culture and nitrate from the oyster culture. These were completely removed from the water, with minor exceptions, by the alga during all seasons of the year. Lesser amounts of soluble phosphate and nitrite, arising from the fish cultures, were also removed. Of the particulate matter, only nitrogen was in evidence from the fish cultures in the summer. It was concluded that Gracilaria chilensis culture was highly efficient at biofiltration of the soluble nutrients tested but had little effect on particulate emissions. The best growth of Gracilaria chilensis occurred in the ammonium-rich effluent from the fish culture.  相似文献   

Innere und äußere Qualitätsparameter von Himbeerfrüchten     

Erika Krüger  Evelin Schöpplein  Sabine Rasim  Guiseppa Cocca  Heike Fischer 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2004,46(6):133-140

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Resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Pammel) Dowson in cabbage Brassica oleracea L     

Griesbach  Erika  Löptien  Harm  Miersch  Ulrike 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2003,110(5):461-475

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is one of the most important pathogens of Brassica oleracea vegetables. To develop resistant basic breeding...  相似文献   

Relationships between the damage to radish caused by the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans, its density prior to cultivation and the soil nematode community structure evaluated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis     

Erika SATO  Yu Y. MIN  Koki TOYOTA  Atsushi TAKADA 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2009,55(4):478-484

A preliminary survey using 20 conventionally farmed fields in which fumigants have been applied every year showed that the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans was distributed both in the upper (0–30 cm) and lower (30–60 cm) soil layers. In six of the 20 fields, P. penetrans was detected in the lower layers exclusively, suggesting that the most appropriate depth to sample soil is 0–60 cm to estimate the relationship between the density of P. penetrans and its damage to radish. There was a highly significant correlation ( r  = 0.923) between the density of P. penetrans in the 0–60 cm depth and the number of spots on a radish. No damage to radish was observed in soils with <2.5 individuals of P. penetrans per 20 g soil before cultivation. However, in cases in which the density of P. penetrans was 3.4–6.2 individuals per 20 g soil, the number of spots on a radish showed more variation (0–131.5 per radish) and there was no significant correlation between them. The nematode community structure of soils with 3.4–8 individuals of P. penetrans per 20 g soil, evaluated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, was significantly different ( anova , PC2, P  <   0.05) between soils with low (0–42) and high (more than 80) damage levels, suggesting that radish damage might be predicted on the basis of the prevailing soil nematode community structure.  相似文献   

Climate change and the probability of wind damage in two Swedish forests     

Kristina Blennow  Mikael AnderssonOla Sallnäs  Erika Olofsson 《Forest Ecology and Management》2010

We simulated how possible changes in wind and ground-frost climate and state of the forest due to changes in the future climate may affect the probability of exceeding critical wind speeds expected to cause wind damage within one northern and one southern study area in Sweden, respectively. The topography of the study areas was relatively gentle and the forests were dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Using estimated changes in the net primary production (NPP) due to climate change and assuming a relative change in the site productivity equal to a relative change in NPP, we simulated possible future states of the forest under gradual adjustment of the site index in response to climate change using the model The Forest Time Machine. Global climate change scenarios based on two emission scenarios and one general circulation model were downscaled to the regional level. The modified WINDA model was used to calculate the sensitivity of the forest to wind and the probability of wind damage for individual forest stands for the periods 2011–2041 and 2071–2100 and for a control period 1961–1990. This was done while taking into account effects on stability of the forest from expected changes in the occurrence of ground frost. Increasing sensitivity of the forest to wind was indicated for both study areas when adhering to recommended management rules of today. Adding also a changed wind climate further increased the probability of wind damage. Calculated probabilities of wind damage were generally higher in the southern study area than in the northern one and were explained by differences in wind climate and the state of the forests, for example with respect to tree species composition. The indicated increase in sensitivity of the forest to wind under the current management regime, and possibly increasing windiness, motivate further analysis of the effects of different management options on the probability of wind damage and what modifications of Swedish forest management are possibly warranted.  相似文献