Lack of glucokinase regulatory protein expression may contribute to low glucokinase activity in feline liver     

Hiskett EK  Suwitheechon OU  Lindbloom-Hawley S  Boyle DL  Schermerhorn T 《Veterinary research communications》2009,33(3):227-240

In most mammals, glucokinase (GK) acts as a hepatic “glucose sensor” that permits hepatic metabolism to respond appropriately to changes in plasma glucose concentrations. GK activity is potently regulated by the glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP), which is encoded by the GCKR gene. GKRP binds GK in the nucleus and inhibits its activity. GK becomes active when it is released from GKRP and translocates to the cytosol. Low glucokinase (GK) activity is reported to be a principal feature of feline hepatic carbohydrate metabolism but the molecular pathways that regulate GK activity are not known. This study examined the hypothesis that species-specific differences in GKRP expression parallel the low GK activity observed in feline liver. Hepatic GKRP expression was examined using RT-PCR, immunoblot, and confocal immunomicroscopy. The results show that the GCKR gene is present in the feline genome but GCKR mRNA and the GKRP protein were absent in feline liver. The lack of GKRP expression in feline liver indicates that the low GK activity cannot be the result of GKRP-mediated inhibition of the GK enzyme. However, the absence of the permissive effects of GCKR expression on GK expression and activity may contribute to reduced GK enzyme activity in feline liver. The study results show that the cat is a natural model for GCKR knockout and may be useful to study regulation of GCKR expression and its role in hepatic glucose-sensing and carbohydrate metabolism.  相似文献   

Prevalence of equine polysaccharide storage myopathy and other myopathies in two equine populations in the United Kingdom     

McGowan CM  McGowan TW  Patterson-Kane JC 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2009,180(3):330-336

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of equine polysaccharide storage myopathy (EPSM) in two populations of horses in the UK. Biopsy specimens from 94 horses presented to an abattoir (population 1), and 46 horses with neuromuscular disorders presented to a university referral hospital (population 2) were obtained over a period of 4 years. Histological sections were examined by a veterinary pathologist for lesions including abnormal polysaccharide inclusions in myofibres.In population 1, a diagnosis of EPSM was made in 8% and non-specific myopathy in 33% of horses. In population 2, a diagnosis of EPSM was made in 22%, equine motor neurone disease (EMND) in 15% and non-specific myopathy in 37%. Within each population there was no difference in age, sex or breed distribution and muscle disease diagnosis. However, populations differed from each other in age and breed distributions and muscle disease diagnosis. EPSM was found in draft, Warmblood and related breeds and was diagnosed for the first time in cob-types. EMND was reported in 7/46 horses presented for neuromuscular disease and weakness, representing an important diagnosis in the UK. This study showed a high prevalence of EPSM and other myopathies in typical breeds of horses in the UK.  相似文献   

Oxygen limitation and tissue metabolic potential of the African fish Barbus neumayeri : roles of native habitat and acclimatization     

Mery L Martínez  Erin L Raynard  Bernard B Rees  Lauren J Chapman 《BMC ecology》2011,11(1):2

Background  

Oxygen availability in aquatic habitats is a major environmental factor influencing the ecology, behaviour, and physiology of fishes. This study evaluates the contribution of source population and hypoxic acclimatization of the African fish, Barbus neumayeri, in determining growth and tissue metabolic enzyme activities. Individuals were collected from two sites differing dramatically in concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO), Rwembaita Swamp (annual average DO 1.35 mgO₂ L^-1) and Inlet Stream West (annual average DO 5.58 mgO₂ L^-1) in Kibale National Park, Uganda, and reciprocally transplanted using a cage experiment in the field, allowing us to maintain individuals under natural conditions of oxygen, food availability, and flow. Fish were maintained under these conditions for four weeks and sampled for growth rate and the activities of phosphofructokinase (PFK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), citrate synthase (CS), and cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) in four tissues, liver, heart, brain, and skeletal muscle.  相似文献   

Controlling yellow jackets with fipronil-based protein baits in urban recreational areas     

Michael K. Rust  Dong-Hwan Choe  Erin Wilson-Rankin  Kathleen Campbell  John Kabashima  Monica Dimson 《国际虫害防治杂志》2017,63(3):234-241

ABSTRACT

The western yellow jacket, Vespula penyslvanica (Saussare), is a serious seasonal pest of outdoor venues in the western United States. In the spring, queens and low numbers of workers were captured in heptyl-butyrate-baited traps until early July, when the number of foragers dramatically increased. Microsatellite data suggest that 18 colonies were actively foraging within the park in 2012. Foragers from 11 different colonies were collected at one trap site. In 2012 and 2013, sufficient numbers of foragers were not captured until early August when baiting trials were initiated. Baits were prepared with canned chicken mixed with fipronil for a final concentration of 0.025%. In 2012, a single baiting provided >96% reduction of foragers for at least two months. A second baiting late in the season provided >80% reductions. In 2013, one baiting trial resulted in a 74% and a 93% reduction. A bait acceptance study was conducted in 2014 to test a bait consisting of the juices from canned chicken and 0.025% fipronil incorporated into a hydrogel, and provided a much longer lasting bait in the field.  相似文献   

E7 (1057ΔTA) mutation of the acidic α‐glucosidase gene causes Pompe's disease in Droughtmaster cattle          下载免费PDF全文

RE Lyons  DJ Johnston  MR McGowan  A Laing  B Robinson  H Owen  BD Hill  BM Burns 《Australian veterinary journal》2017,95(5):138-142

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Selenium hyperaccumulation offers protection from cell disruptor herbivores     

Colin F Quinn  John L Freeman  Ray JB Reynolds  Jennifer J Cappa  Sirine C Fakra  Matthew A Marcus  Stormy D Lindblom  Erin K Quinn  Lindsay E Bennett  Elizabeth AH Pilon-Smits 《BMC ecology》2010,10(1):19

Background  

Hyperaccumulation, the rare capacity of certain plant species to accumulate toxic trace elements to levels several orders of magnitude higher than other species growing on the same site, is thought to be an elemental defense mechanism against herbivores and pathogens. Previous research has shown that selenium (Se) hyperaccumulation protects plants from a variety of herbivores and pathogens. Selenium hyperaccumulating plants sequester Se in discrete locations in the leaf periphery, making them potentially more susceptible to some herbivore feeding modes than others. In this study we investigate the protective function of Se in the Se hyperaccumulators Stanleya pinnata and Astragalus bisulcatus against two cell disrupting herbivores, the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) and the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae).  相似文献   

Effect of setting a maximum milking time, from peak lactation, on production, milking time and udder health     

Jago JG  McGowan JE  Williamson JH 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2010,58(5):246-252

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Participatory organic certification in Mexico: an alternative approach to maintaining the integrity of the organic label     

Erin Nelson  Laura Gómez Tovar  Rita Schwentesius Rindermann  Manuel Ángel Gómez Cruz 《Agriculture and Human Values》2010,27(2):227-237

Over the past two decades the growth of the organic sector has been accompanied by a shift away from first party, or peer review, systems of certification and towards third party certification, in which a disinterested party is responsible for the development of organic standards and the verification of producer compliance. This paper explores some of the limitations of the third party certification model and presents the case of Mexico as an example of how an alternative form of participatory certification has emerged. The paper suggests that participatory guarantee systems (PGS) are reflective of the growing “beyond organic” movement, which focuses on reconstructing the local and re-embedding food systems into their socio-ecological contexts. It argues that PGS offers a number of benefits for producers and consumers, particularly in the South, but that it faces a number of challenges as well, such as a lack of formal recognition, social conflicts and dependence on donated resources.  相似文献   

Bioherbicide Research: Defining Success (A Tribute to RaghavanCharudattan)     

Dr. Erin Rosskopf 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(5):671-672

Summary

Corky tissue (CT) is a major disorder affecting the fruit of sapota (Manilkara achras) ‘Cricket Ball’ in India. Affected fruit have a hard lump in the pulp and dry acidic flesh, but have no external symptoms. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the role of seed in the disorder. Treating fruit with 1.0 g l^–1 gibberellic acid (GA₃) at 50% maturity increased fruit fresh weight and presumably seed growth, and reduced the incidence of CT compared with that in untreated control fruit. In contrast, fruit treated with 3.0 g l^–1 paclobutrazol (PBZ) showed the opposite response. Fruit treated at 70% or 90% maturity gave no response, suggesting that poor seed viability during the early stage of fruit development was associated with CT. Seed stored for 30 d under ambient conditions lost water and had lower viability. There were decreases in the moisture content and calcium concentration in seed and pulp as the severity of CT increased in fruit harvested in the field, indicating a “reverse flow” of water and nutrients from the fruit. It is proposed that the incidence of CT is related to reduced seed viability and the consequent losses of water and calcium from fruit due to competition for resources with the rest of the tree. Further studies are required to assess the potential of the application of GA₃ to reduce the incidence of CT in commercial orchards.  相似文献   

Male reproductive traits and their relationship to reproductive traits in their female progeny: a systematic review     

Burns BM  Gazzola C  Holroyd RG  Crisp J  McGowan MR 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2011,46(3):534-553

The overall objective of one of the major research programs in the Co-operative Research Centre (CRC) for Beef Genetic Technologies is to 'Improve female reproductive performance' in tropical, northern Australian beef cattle herds. To address this overall objective, a quantitative genetics project focused on investigation of male reproductive traits was designed and linked to three female reproduction-focussed projects, (i) discovery of genes associated with post-partum re-conception and age at puberty; (ii) expression of genes associated with post-partum re-conception; and (iii) early predictors of lifetime female reproductive performance. During the initial planning of this male reproductive traits project, the CRC Scientific Review Committee recommended that the research team investigate and evaluate potentially new, early-life (i.e able to be measured before 2 years of age) predictors of both male and female reproductive performance. To address this recommendation, the following was carried out: (i) criteria for selection of traditional and candidate traits were established; (ii) methodology for tabulation of potential traits/phenotypes that define male and female reproductive function was developed; and (iii) a systematic scientific review of early-life predictors of male and female fertility was prepared. This review concluded that although factors that might be useful in predicting male reproductive performance have been studied for many years, there was relatively little useful information available to meet the objectives of this review. It was also concluded that the direction of future research should be guided not only by previous research which was scarce, but also by speculative hypotheses arising from an understanding of the physiological, endocrinological and genetic processes active in reproduction. A small number of new traits were recommended in addition to traditional sperm morphology, sexual behaviour, anatomical structure and growth traits. Potential additional traits include measurement of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone-stimulated luteinizing hormone (GnRH-stimulated LH); inhibin; several seminal plasma proteins (osteopontin, spermadhesin and seminal plasma proteins BSP30 and phospholipase A(2) could be used in an index); 11β-hydroxysteriod dehydrogenase; and leptin. In addition, the potential also exists to screen animals for a number of genetic markers associated with age of puberty, follicular recruitment and ovulation rate and genes associated with bovine seminal plasma protein and testosterone production. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) measurements are included because of their association with growth parameters, and an additional analysis demonstrated associations with male and female reproductive traits. Some of these factors have been previously evaluated in small numbers of animals of various species under intensive management conditions. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate these factors in much larger numbers of beef cattle grazing semi-extensive tropical production systems in northern Australia to determine their value in improving beef cattle enterprise profitability through improved herd fertility.  相似文献