Guidance Level for Brevetoxins in French Shellfish     

Nathalie Arnich  Eric Abadie  Zouher Amzil  Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein  Katia Comte  Estelle Chaix  Nicolas Delcourt  Vincent Hort  Csar Mattei  Jordi Molg  Raphaele Le Garrec 《Marine drugs》2021,19(9)

Brevetoxins (BTXs) are marine biotoxins responsible for neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) after ingestion of contaminated shellfish. NSP is characterized by neurological, gastrointestinal and/or cardiovascular symptoms. The main known producer of BTXs is the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, but other microalgae are also suspected to synthesize BTX-like compounds. BTXs are currently not regulated in France and in Europe. In November 2018, they have been detected for the first time in France in mussels from a lagoon in the Corsica Island (Mediterranean Sea), as part of the network for monitoring the emergence of marine biotoxins in shellfish. To prevent health risks associated with the consumption of shellfish contaminated with BTXs in France, a working group was set up by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses). One of the aims of this working group was to propose a guidance level for the presence of BTXs in shellfish. Toxicological data were too limited to derive an acute oral reference dose (ARfD). Based on human case reports, we identified two lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAELs). A guidance level of 180 µg BTX-3 eq./kg shellfish meat is proposed, considering a protective default portion size of 400 g shellfish meat.  相似文献   

Bluetongue in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin: history of occurrence prior to 2006   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Mellor PS  Carpenter S  Harrup L  Baylis M  Mertens PP 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2008,87(1-2):4-20

Bluetongue virus (BTV) exists around the world in a broad band covering much of the Americas, Africa, southern Asia and northern Australia. Historically, it also occasionally occurred in the southern fringes of Europe. It is considered to be one of the most important diseases of domestic livestock. Recently BTV has extended its range northwards into areas of Europe never before affected and has persisted in many of these locations causing the greatest epizootic of bluetongue (BT), the disease caused by BTV, on record. Indeed, the most recent outbreaks of BT in Europe are further north than this virus has ever previously occurred anywhere in the world. The reasons for this dramatic change in BT epidemiology are complex but are linked to recent extensions in the distribution of its major vector, Culicoides imicola, to the involvement of novel Culicoides vector(s) and to on-going climate-change. This paper investigates these recent outbreaks in the European theatre, up to the beginning of 2006, highlights prospects for the future and sets the scene for the following papers in this special issue.  相似文献   

Modeling the effect of water activity and storage temperature on chemical stability of coffee brews   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Manzocco L  Nicoli MC 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(16):6521-6526

This work was addressed to study the chemical stability of coffee brew derivatives as a function of water activity (aw) and storage temperature. To this purpose, coffee brew was freeze-dried, equilibrated at increasing aw values, and stored for up to 10 months at different temperatures from -30 to 60 degrees C. The chemical stability of the samples was assessed by measuring H3O+ formation during storage. Independently of storage temperature, the rate of H3O+ formation was considerably low only when aw was reduced below 0.5 (94% w/w). Beyond this critical boundary, the rate increased, reaching a maximum value at ca. 0.8 aw (78% w/w). Further hydration up to the aw of the freshly prepared beverage significantly increased chemical stability. It was suggested that mechanisms other than lactones' hydrolysis, probably related to nonenzymatic browning pathways, could contribute to the observed increase in acidity during coffee staling. The temperature dependence of H3O+ formation was well-described by the Arrhenius equation in the entire aw range considered. However, aw affected the apparent activation energy and frequency factor. These effects were described by simple equations that were used to set up a modified Arrhenius equation. This model was validated by comparing experimental values, not used to generate the model, with those estimated by the model itself. The model allowed efficient prediction of the chemical stability of coffee derivatives on the basis of only the aw value and storage temperature.  相似文献   

Volatile emission after controlled atmosphere storage of Mondial Gala apples (Malus domestica): relationship to some involved enzyme activities     

Lara I  Echeverría G  Graell J  López ML 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(15):6087-6095

Mondial Gala apples were harvested at commercial maturity and stored at 1 degrees C under either air or controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions (2 kPa O2/2 kPa CO2 and 1 kPa O2/1 kPa CO2), where they remained for 3 or 6 months. Data on emission of selected volatile esters, alcohol precursors, and activity of some aroma-related enzymes in both peel and pulp tissues were obtained during subsequent shelf life of fruit and submitted to multivariate analysis procedures. CA storage caused a decrease in the emission of volatile esters in comparison to storage in air. Results suggest that lessened ester production was the consequence of modifications in activities of alcohol o-acyltransferase (AAT) and lipoxygenase (LOX) activities. For short-term storage, inhibition of lipoxygenase activity in CA stored fruit possibly led to a shortage of lipid-derived substrates, resulting in decreased production of volatile esters in spite of substantial ester-forming capacity that allowed for some recovery of fruit capacity for ester emission during the shelf life. For long-term storage, strong inhibition of AAT activity in CA stored fruit in combination with low LOX activities resulted in unrecoverable diminution of biosynthesis of volatile esters.  相似文献   

Integrated management of Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on onion in north‐western Italy: basic approaches for supervised control     

Giulia C Mautino  Lara Bosco  Luciana Tavella 《Pest management science》2012,68(2):185-193

BACKGROUND: Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a major pest on onion, Allium cepa L., worldwide. In 2010, research was conducted in a commercial onion field in north‐western Italy in order (i) to evaluate the efficacy of different insecticides and of the SAR activator acibenzolar‐S‐methyl, (ii) to correlate thrips infestation levels with bulb size and weight at harvest and (iii) to implement a reliable thrips sampling method. Efficacy of the three active ingredients spinosad, lambda‐cyhalothrin and acibenzolar‐S‐methyl on local thrips populations were also evaluated in laboratory bioassays. RESULTS: During field surveys, the highest and the lowest thrips infestations were observed in plots treated with lambda‐cyhalothrin and with spinosad and acibenzolar‐S‐methyl respectively. The effectiveness of spinosad was also confirmed in laboratory bioassays. At harvest, bulb size and weight did not significantly differ between treatments. A high correlation with visual inspection made plant beating a suitable sampling method for routine practice, enabling a good estimate of thrips infestation. CONCLUSION: Damage caused by thrips is often not severe enough to warrant the frequent pesticide applications the crops receive in north‐western Italy. The use of spinosad and acibenzolar‐S‐methyl is suggested as an alternative to conventional insecticides for the preservation of natural enemies. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Imaging diagnosis: pituitary apoplexy in a cat     

Beltran E  Dennis R  Foote A  De Risio L  Matiasek L 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2012,53(4):417-419

A 7-year-old male neutered domestic short-haired cat had depression for 5 months and acute blindness. A lesion at the level of the rostral and middle cranial fossae was suspected. A large pituitary mass compressing the optic chiasm was detected in magnetic resonance images and there was also evidence of recent intratumoral hemorrhage, leading to a diagnosis of pituitary apoplexy; these findings were confirmed at postmortem examination. Pituitary apoplexy is a clinical syndrome characterized by acute neurologic signs related to hemorrhagic infarction within a pituitary tumor. Pituitary apoplexy should be considered in patients with acute onset of blindness and altered mental status.  相似文献   

Retrospective evaluation of the effectiveness of epsilon aminocaproic acid for the prevention of postamputation bleeding in retired racing Greyhounds with appendicular bone tumors: 46 cases (2003–2008)     

Liliana M. Marín  M. Cristina Iazbik  Sara Zaldivar‐Lopez  Linda K. Lord  Nicole Stingle  Paulo Vilar  Ana Lara‐Garcia  Francisco Alvarez  Kenji Hosoya  Laura Nelson  Antonio Pozzi  Edward Cooper  Mary A. McLoughlin  Rebecca Ball  William C. Kisseberth  Cheryl A. London  Robert Dudley  Jonathan Dyce  Melanie McMahon  Phillip Lerche  Richard Bednarski  C. Guillermo Couto 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2012,22(3):332-340

  相似文献   

Comparison of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis levels in crops of fed or fasted infected hens     

Holt PS  Vaughn LE  Moore RW  Gast RK 《Avian diseases》2006,50(3):425-429

Long-term feed withdrawal has been shown to increase ileocecal intestinal colonization and fecal shedding of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in challenged hens. Less information is available regarding effects of fasting on crop colonization. Two trials were conducted to compare effects of 14-day feed withdrawal vs. full feed on crop colonization in hens challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis. The levels of Salmonella Enteritidis in the crops of fasted hens were significantly higher than in nonfasted hens on days 3 and 10 and days 3, 9, and 16 postinfection (PI) in trials 1 and 2, respectively. Fecal shedding of Salmonella Enteritidis was significantly increased in the fasted hens on day 10 PI in trial 1. Analysis of crop IgA anti-Salmonella Enteritidis lipopolysaccharide levels in crop lavage samples of hens in trial 1 revealed a humoral response PI in both treatment groups with no significant differences, although peak response for fasted hens occurred 1 wk later. Histologic evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin-stained crop sections from trial 1 birds revealed mild to moderate heterophilic infiltration within the crop lamina propria (LP) or LP and epithelium of nonfasted infected hens at 24 and 96 hr PI. In comparison, heterophils in crops of fasted hens infected at this time point were sparse, indicating a possible diminished heterophil response in the fasted birds. Multifocal areas of tissue inflammation, as indicated by marked heterophil infiltration, with necrosis and sloughing of epithelium, were observed in crops from fasted hens at day 11 PI (14th day of feed withdrawal) but not in the fed groups. This severe heterophilic inflammation was observed in both challenged and nonchallenged fasted hens, suggesting that some factor other than Salmonella Enteritidis was responsible. These results indicate that feed withdrawal can have a dramatic effect on the integrity of the crop and its ultimate response to infection.  相似文献   

Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in canine intracranial meningiomas and association with patient survival     

Platt SR  Scase TJ  Adams V  Wieczorek L  Miller J  Adamo F  Long S 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2006,20(3):663-668

BACKGROUND: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a regulator of angiogenesis and vascular permeability. In human patients with meningiomas, increased VEGF expression is predictive of postsurgical recurrence. The objectives of this study were to evaluate VEGF expression in canine intracranial meningiomas and to determine whether an association between VEGF expression and patient survival existed. METHODOLOGY: Tumor tissue from 17 dogs with histologically confirmed intracranial meningiomas was obtained surgically. All dogs then were treated with radiotherapy. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 5-microm sections of paraffin-embedded tumor tissue with rabbit anti-human VEGF polyclonal antibody. The extent, intensity, and distribution of VEGF staining for each section were assessed with light microscopy by means of a semiquantitative scale. Survival was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier procedure. Survival rates among groups were compared by log-rank tests with the significance set at P < or = .05. FINDINGS: VEGF expression was detected in all tumors, with >50% of cells staining positively in tissues from 15/17 dogs. Shorter survival times were associated with greater VEGF expression (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: VEGF expression can be measured in canine intracranial meningiomas and may be associated with poor outcome. SIGNIFICANCE: The extent of VEGF expression in canine intracranial meningiomas may be used as a prognostic marker and suggests a potential future target for therapy.  相似文献   

Molecular comparison of cultivable protozoa from a pristine and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon polluted site     

Enrique Lara  Cédric Berney  Hauke Harms 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2007,39(1):139-148

We compared the abundance and diversity of cultivable protozoa (flagellates and amoebae) in a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) polluted soil and an unpolluted control, by isolating and cultivating clonal strains. The number of cultivable protozoa was higher in the polluted soil; however, the polluted soil displayed an impoverished community, dominated by certain taxa, such as Acanthamoeba sp. We isolated a total of 31 protozoan strains to characterize them morphologically and by 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis. This approach, i.e. combining morphological and molecular information had the advantage of providing quantitative data, information on morphology but also an accurate positioning of the isolates in 18S rRNA trees.  相似文献