Estimation of litter size variability phenotypes in Large White sows     

Jan Dobrzański  Han A. Mulder  Egbert F. Knol  Tomasz Szwaczkowski  Ewa Sell-Kubiak 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2020,137(6):559-570

The objective of this study was to obtain new phenotypes of phenotypic variability for the total number born (TNB) in pigs using the residual variance of TNB. The analysis was based on 246,799 Large White litter observations provided by Topigs Norsvin. Three animal models were used to obtain estimates of residual variance for TNB: the basic model (BM) containing fixed effects of farm–year and season and random effects of animal and permanent environmental sow, the basic model with an additional fixed effect of parity (BMP) and a random regression model (RRM). The within-individual variance of the residuals was calculated and log-transformed to obtain three new variability traits: LnVarBM, LnVarBMP and LnVarRRM. Then, (co)variance components, heritability, the genetic coefficient of variation at the standard deviation level (GCV_SDe) and genetic correlations between the three LnVar's and between the LnVar's and mean total number born (mTNB) were estimated with uni-, bi- and trivariate models. Results indicated that genetically LnVar's are the same trait and are positively correlated with the mTNB (~0.60). Thus, both traits should be included in breeding programmes to avoid an increase in TNB variability while selecting for increased TNB. Heritability of the LnVar's was estimated at 0.021. The GCV_SDe for LnVar's showed that a change of 8% in residual standard deviation of TNB could be obtained per generation. Those results indicate that phenotypic variability of litter size is under genetic control, thus it may be improved by selection.  相似文献   

Gender differences in exercise - induced intravascular haemolysis during race training in thoroughbred horses     

Anna Cywinska  Ewa Szarska  Piotr Ostaszewski 《Research in veterinary science》2011,90(1):133-137

Exercise-induced intravascular haemolysis and “sport anemia” are widely reported in human sports medicine. It has been recognized also in horses, however, the clinical importance and the onset of this condition seem different than in human. In this study we investigated the episodes of intravascular haemolysis, indicated by the increase in plasma haemoglobin and the decrease in serum haptoglobin levels, after routine training sessions in race horses. Heart rate and changes in haematological parameters confirmed, that the exertion was relatively high. Intravascular haemolysis did not appear in stallions but was detected in mares after two training sessions. It has been determined that serum haptoglobin levels were higher in mares than in stallions before and after all training sessions. It is postulated that intravascular haemolysis induced by training is of limited clinical importance because it occurred only in mares which are better adapted due to higher haptoglobin level at rest, and it had no cumulative effect. Therefore gender differences should be taken into consideration in experiments with athletic horses.  相似文献   

Polymorphism analysis of housekeeping genes for identification and differentiation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Clavibacter michiganensis</Emphasis> subspecies     

Malgorzata Waleron  Krzysztof Waleron  Joanna Kamasa  Wlodzimierz Przewodowski  Ewa Lojkowska 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,131(2):341-354

The utility of polymorphism analysis was determined for differentiation of the following subspecies of the Gram-positive plant pathogenic bacterium, Clavibacter michiganensis: C. m. subsp. michiganensis, C. m. subsp. sepedonicus, C. m. subsp. insidiosus C. m. subsp. nebraskensis, and C. m. subsp. tessellarius. Specific primers designed for amplification of the housekeeping genes recA, rpoB, and rpoD generated 827-, 1037-, and 862-bp DNA fragments, respectively. PCR products obtained from 40 C. michiganensis strains were analysed using RFLP with four restriction endonucleases, and those PCR products with specific RFLP patterns were sequenced. The genotypes discriminated after PCR–RFLP were specific for each subspecies and also allowed for differentiation of C. m. subsp. michiganensis strains. Sequence analysis of the recA, rpoB, and rpoD gene fragments also distinguished C. michiganensis subspecies and was useful for phylogenetic analysis of all subspecies. For rapid, inexpensive, and effective differentiation of the five subspecies in this research, we recommend the amplification of recA and/or rpoD gene fragments and digestion of the PCR products with the restriction endonuclease FnuDII.  相似文献   

The effect of contrasting management types on two distinct taxonomic groups in a large-scaled windthrow     

Michał Żmihorski  Ewa Durska 《European Journal of Forest Research》2011,130(4):589-600

Improving ways of managing disturbed areas is in urgent need of further research. We assessed the effect of two contrasting management types—salvage logging and set aside for natural regeneration—applied to a large-scale windthrow in NE Poland on two distinct taxonomic groups of animals: scuttle flies and birds. In total, 5,368 individual scuttle flies were trapped and 1,649 individual birds were recorded. In both taxonomic groups, we recorded the “winners and losers” of the effects of salvage logging. The responses of particular species in both groups were independent of their body size. Species diversity, assessed by rarefaction, increased as a result of the logging in birds and declined in scuttle flies. The species richness, corrected for unseen species of scuttle flies and birds, was higher on the managed windthrow when compared to the natural one. Comparison of the results obtained with published data from the intact stands of Białowieża Primeval Forest suggests that salvage logging reduced the similarity of the fly and bird community to those reported from undisturbed, natural forest areas. Our results concern mostly the common species. We conclude that salvage logging has considerable influence on assemblages of common species in the post-disturbance forests. Birds and flies did not respond similarly to salvage logging in term of species diversity, although both groups included species that were attracted to either managed or unmanaged windthrow sites.  相似文献   

Conjugated linoleic acid regulates phosphorylation of PPARγ by modulation of ERK 1/2 and p38 signaling in human macrophages/fatty acid-laden macrophages     

Stachowska E  Kijowski J  Dziedziejko V  Siennicka A  Chlubek D 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(21):11846-11852

Stimulation of macrophages by a variety fatty acids causes activation of MAP kinases (MAPKs). The consequences arising from down-regulation of MAPKs may be a limitation in the activity of PPARγ, which is modulated by a modification catalyzed by these kinases. Phosphorylation of MAP kinases-ERK1/2 and p38 as well as PPARγ was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting in human macrophages cultured with conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs). We demonstrated that CLA isomers alter MAP kinase phosphorylation and PPARγ activation. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was diminished in cells cultivated with cis-9,trans-11 CLA, whereas phosphorylation of p38 was reduced by trans-10,cis-12 CLA. PPARγ was phosphorylated mainly by ERK1/2, and consequently, PPARγ phosphorylation was suppressed mainly by cis-9,trans-11 isomer. In human adipocytes, cis-9,trans-11 C 18:2 raised the activation of PPAR and several of its downstream target genes. We suggest that a similar process may also occur in human macrophages.  相似文献   

Screening of seedlings of wildSolanum species for resistance to bacterial stem rot caused by soft rot Erwinias     

Ewa Lojkowska  Arthur Kelman 《American Journal of Potato Research》1989,66(6):379-390

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An investigation of the level of reducing sugars in diploid potatoes before and after cold storage   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Henryka Jakuczun  Kazimiera Zgórska  Ewa Zimnochguzowska 《Potato Research》1995,38(4):331-338

Summary The reducing sugar content and chip colour were studied in diploid potatoes bred for superior table and chipping quality. The reducing sugar content in the tubers of 119 diploid clones was estimated before and after cold storage (4–6°C) in the years 1987–1991, and reducing sugar and chip colour were determined in 1990 and 1991 for 36 clones. Thirty two clones had a significantly lower reducing sugar content after cold storage than cv. Mila. The year of evaluation, storage temperature and genotype significantly affected the reducing sugar content.  相似文献   

Acoustic,mechanical and microstructural properties of extruded crisp bread   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ewa Gondek  Ewa Jakubczyk  Els Herremans  Bert Verlinden  Maarten Hertog  Thomas Vandendriessche  Pieter Verboven  Aleksandra Antoniuk  Evi Bongaers  Pascal Estrade  Bart M. Nicolaï 《Journal of Cereal Science》2013

The aim of this work was to describe the texture and structure of crisp bread obtained with different extrusion parameters. The texture of different crisp bread samples was evaluated using a combination of acoustic and mechanical tests. The advantage of this measurement setup is the feasibility of simultaneous registering of the force–deformation characteristics, sounds (using an acoustic envelope detector coupled to the texture analyser with a microphone) as well as mechanical vibrations (registered using a piezoelectric sensor) generated during a penetration test. All analysed samples of bread were products with a crisp texture that emitted audible sounds with a significant intensity that could be registered with a microphone as well as with a contact method. Micro-CT cross-section images showed the highly porous structure of the crisp breads but variant 3 appeared to have thicker walls and larger cells than the other breads.  相似文献   

The impact of carbofuran on acetylcholinesterase activity in Anisakis simplex larvae from Baltic herring     

Magdalena Podolska  Ewa Mulkiewicz 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2008,91(2):104-109

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of carbofuran, a carbamate pesticide on the enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the larvae of the herring nematode parasite Anisakis simplex. A. simplex larvae collected from herring were exposed to carbofuran in vivo at concentrations of 50, 100, 500 and 1000 μg/l, for 24, 48 and 72 h, at a temperature of 4 °C. Generalized Linear Models (GLM) were applied to analyze the relationship between AChE activity and carbofuran concentration, the time of exposure and the biological parameters of the host. The results indicate that A. simplex larvae have a high threshold of sensitivity to carbofuran. The average enzymatic activity was higher in parasites obtained from male hosts, when compared with female hosts. These data suggest that host sex-dependent biological processes may also influence AChE enzymatic activity in parasites.  相似文献   

Behavioural indicators of welfare in farmed fish     

Martins CI  Galhardo L  Noble C  Damsgård B  Spedicato MT  Zupa W  Beauchaud M  Kulczykowska E  Massabuau JC  Carter T  Planellas SR  Kristiansen T 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2012,38(1):17-41

Behaviour represents a reaction to the environment as fish perceive it and is therefore a key element of fish welfare. This review summarises the main findings on how behavioural changes have been used to assess welfare in farmed fish, using both functional and feeling-based approaches. Changes in foraging behaviour, ventilatory activity, aggression, individual and group swimming behaviour, stereotypic and abnormal behaviour have been linked with acute and chronic stressors in aquaculture and can therefore be regarded as likely indicators of poor welfare. On the contrary, measurements of exploratory behaviour, feed anticipatory activity and reward-related operant behaviour are beginning to be considered as indicators of positive emotions and welfare in fish. Despite the lack of scientific agreement about the existence of sentience in fish, the possibility that they are capable of both positive and negative emotions may contribute to the development of new strategies (e.g. environmental enrichment) to promote good welfare. Numerous studies that use behavioural indicators of welfare show that behavioural changes can be interpreted as either good or poor welfare depending on the fish species. It is therefore essential to understand the species-specific biology before drawing any conclusions in relation to welfare. In addition, different individuals within the same species may exhibit divergent coping strategies towards stressors, and what is tolerated by some individuals may be detrimental to others. Therefore, the assessment of welfare in a few individuals may not represent the average welfare of a group and vice versa. This underlines the need to develop on-farm, operational behavioural welfare indicators that can be easily used to assess not only the individual welfare but also the welfare of the whole group (e.g. spatial distribution). With the ongoing development of video technology and image processing, the on-farm surveillance of behaviour may in the near future represent a low-cost, noninvasive tool to assess the welfare of farmed fish.  相似文献