Effect of Betamethasone and Exercise on Equine Carpal Joints With Osteochondral Fragments     

J.W. FOLAND DVM  MS    C.W. MCILWRAITH BVSc  PhD  FRCVS  Diplomate ACVS    G.W. TROTTER DVM  MS  Diplomate ACVS    B.E. POWERS DVM  PhD  Diplomate ACVP  C.H. LAMAR DVM  PhD 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1994,23(5):369-376

Osteochondral fragments were created arthroscopically on the distal aspect of both radial carpal bones in 12 horses. On day 14 after surgery, one middle carpal joint of each horse was injected with 2.5 mL Betavet Soluspan (3.9 mg betamethasone sodium phosphate and 12 mg betamethasone acetate per milliliter) and the contralateral joint was injected with 2.5 mL saline as a control. Intra-articular treatments were repeated on day 35. On day 17, six horses began exercising 5 days per week on a high-speed treadmill. The other six horses were kept in box stalls throughout the study as nonexercised controls. On day 56, all horses were examined clinically and radiographically and then were euthanatized. Samples were obtained for histological, his-tochemical, and biochemical evaluation. Mild lameness was observed in five of the six exercised horses at day 56; four horses were lame in the control limb and one horse was lame in the treated limb. Of the five nonexercised horses evaluated for lameness, two were lame in the control limb, two were lame in the treated limb, and one was lame in both the control and the treated limb. No differences were noted on radiographs or palpation of steroid treated limbs versus control limbs. Firm reattachment of the osteochondral fragment to the radial carpal bone occurred in all but three joints. Gross cartilage damage was not different between steroid-treated joints and joints injected with saline. Histologically, there were no significant detrimental effects of betamethasone with or without exercise, but there was a tendency for more pathological change in treated joints. There was a trend toward decreased glycosaminoglycan staining in steroid treated joints of rested horses, whereas exercised horses had similar glycosaminoglycan staining in treated and control joints. No significant difference in the water content or uronic acid concentration was detected between treated and control joints. Intra-articular betamethasone administration in this carpal chip model was not associated with any significant detrimental effects in either rested or exercised horses.  相似文献   

Effect of Intramedullary Rod Diameter on a String of Pearls Plate‐Rod Construct in Mediolateral Bending: An In Vitro Mechanical Study          下载免费PDF全文

Scott Rutherford BVMS  Diplomate ECVS  Ryan M. Demianiuk DVM  Diplomate ACVS  Jérôme Benamou DVM  Clifford Beckett BSME  Malcolm G. Ness BVetMed  FRCVS  Diplomate ECVS  Loïc M. Déjardin DVM  MS  Diplomate ACVS & ECVS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2015,44(6):737-743

  相似文献   

Trimethoprim/sulfadiazine is available     

Mike Pay BVetMed  FRCVS  President 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2004,24(4)

  相似文献   

The use of the nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug cis-atracurium in dogs     

Wendy A Adams BSc  BVSc  PhD  Cert VA  MRCVS    Kerry J Robinson BVSc  Cert VA  MRCVS    J Mark Senior BVSc  Cert VA  MRCVS    Ronald S Jones OBE  MVSc  DrMedVet  DVSC  DVA  FIBiol  Dip ACVA  Dip ECVA  FRSA  FRCVS 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2001,28(3):156-160

Objective This clinical trial attempted to evaluate the potency, onset and duration of action of cis‐atracurium in dogs. Animals Twenty dogs aged between 1 and 15 years and weighing between 15 and 85 kg admitted for a variety of elective, surgical procedures under general anaesthesia. Materials and methods Following induction of general anaesthesia, the effects of an intravenous loading dose of cis‐atracurium (0.1 mg kg^?1) were evaluated by counting visual responses to train of four (TOF) nerve stimulation. Incremental doses of 0.02 or 0.04 mg kg^?1 cis‐atracurium were administered when the first of four responses to TOF stimulation was present. Results An initial dose of 0.1 mg kg^?1 eliminated all four TOF responses in 18 out of 20 dogs. The same dose, repeated 10 minutes later in two animals in which blockade was incomplete, abolished all responses. In dogs receiving 0.1 mg kg^?1 cis‐atracurium neuromuscular blockade lasted 27.2 ± 9.3 minutes. Up to six incremental doses were given in individual animals; incremental doses appeared to be noncumulative. No untoward side‐effects were observed with the use of this drug. There was considerable variation between individuals in response to cis‐atracurium. Conclusions Cis‐atracurium is an effective neuromuscular blocking agent in the dog, although its potency varies. Clinical Relevance Further studies are required to determine whether observed differences in potency are related to age, breed or sex. Cis‐atracurium may prove useful in dogs with impaired renal and or hepatic function.  相似文献   

Fracture of the Patella after TPLO in 6 Dogs     

Scott Rutherford BVMS  CertSAS  Jonathan C. Bell BVM&S  CertSAS Diplomate ECVS  Malcolm G. Ness BVetMed  CertSAO  FRCVS  Diplomate ECVS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2012,41(7):869-875

  相似文献   

Pathophysiology of bit control in the horse     

W. Robert Cook FRCVS  PhD 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》1999,19(3):196

The use of one and often two bits, in traditional or normal horsemanship, constitutes a welfare problem, a hazard to health, and a handicap to performance.

• The bit method of control is invasive, physiologically contraindicated and counterproductive

• A bit often causes discomfort, pain and injury

• It can be responsible for a horse's poor attitude to exercise and many behavioral problems in all types of equitation from dressage (e.g., headshaking) to racing (e.g., dorsal displacement of the soft palate). Horses are happier in a bridle without a bit

• The bit can be the sole cause of abnormal inspiratory noise (stridor) at exercise

• To govern the speed of a racehorse using a bit and traction on both reins depends on poll flexion, which obstructs the airway and leads to premature fatigue, poor performance, and asphyxia-induced pulmonary edema (“bleeding”). Measurement of jowl angle is recommended as an indicator of upper airway patency

• A bit triggers digestive tract reflexes, which are physiologically opposed to rapid breathing. Horses are being expected to eat and exercise simultaneously, two activities that are mutually exclusive

• As the bit interferes with breathing and as breathing is coupled with locomotion, the bit also interferes with locomotion.

• A horse that leans on the bit loses self-carriage, and becomes heavier on the forehand. Its stride becomes shorter and, therefore, slower. In addition, greater stress is placed on the tendons, ligaments, joints and bones of the forelegs. In racing this factor, coupled with fatigue, renders breakdowns and fatal accidents more likely

• Resistance to the bit causes rigidity of the neck, which is incompatible with optimum performance, and also reduces the effectiveness of some important energy conservation mechanisms. Human athletes need complete freedom of their neck

• The horse is an obligatory nose-breather. At exercise, a horse's lips should be sealed and mouth closed so that no air enters the digestive tract. A bit breaks this seal and the mouth is often open

• “Nonacceptance of the bit” includes problems such as buccal ulcers, wolf tooth sensitivity, pain during eruption of cheek teeth, star fractures of the mandible, lacerations of the lip, tongue and gingiva, open mouth, tongue movement, tongue behind the bit, tongue over the bit, ‘swallowing the tongue,’ ‘flipping the palate,’, headshaking, fighting the bit, chewing on the bit, ‘bit between the teeth,’ boring, pulling and bolting

• The safety of rider and horse are imperiled when justifiable resentment of bit-induced pain leads a horse to take the bit between its teeth and bolt.

In the practice of natural horsemanship, horses can be controlled for early schooling without a bit, and for advanced schooling with a snaffle. In this way, the above problems can be either solved or minimized, respectively. A new design of bitless bridle, that is neither a hackamore nor a bosal, permits control by painless pressure on the skin behind the ear and facilitates the humane, non-invasive and natural approach, even for advanced schooling.  相似文献   

The efficacy of systemically administered anti-arthritic drugs in an induced equine carpitis model     

Gary W. White DVM  E. Wynn Jones FRCVS  PhD  Trent Stites DVM  Jack Hamm PhD  Robert Walls PhD  Terry Sanders 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》1996,16(4):139-145

The efficacy of two systemically administered drugs for the treatment of equine joint injuries was assessed in a randomized blinded trial using the chemically induced equine carpitis model previously used to determine the dose and efficacy of both products. After a 10-day acclimation period, carpitis was induced by intracarpal injection of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) in twenty mature horses free of clinical and radiographic evidence of synovitis or DJD. Five days after model induction, the horses were stratified based on lameness evaluation and randomly assigned to 2 groups of 10 horses each.Parameters evaluated included lameness score, maximum range of carpal flexion, carpal circumference, stride length, and synovial fluid protein. These parameters were measured prior to model induction, 5 days after model induction (immediately prior to initial treatment) and once weekly for 6 weeks. Radiographs of the carpus were taken prior to model induction and 6 weeks. after treatment began. Treatment began 5 days after model induction. One group of 10 horses received 40 mg sodium hyaluronate by intravenous injection weekly for 3 weeks and the other group of 10 horses received intramuscular injections of 500 mg PSGAG every 4 days for 7 treatments.Both treatment groups showed significant improvement from pretreatment baseline values (based upon percent recovery to normal pre-model induction values) for lameness score, stride length and maximum carpal flexion (p<0.05) at each post treatment evaluation. The PSGAG treated group had significant improvement in synovial fluid protein at post treatment weeks 2 and 3. The improvement (percent recovery) in the PSGAG treated group was significantly (p<0.05) better than that of the intravenous sodium hyaluronate treated group for stride and flexion at post treatment weeks 1 through 6, for lameness score at post treatment weeks 1 through 3 and for carpal circumference at post treatment week 4.Both intravenous sodium hyaluronate and intramuscular PSGAG induced significant improvement in clinical lameness parameters; intramuscular PSGAG yielded consistently better results in this experimental model.  相似文献   

The Intercarpal Ligaments of the Equine Midcarpal Joint, Part 2: The Role of the Palmar Intercarpal Ligaments in the Restraint of Dorsal Displacement of the Proximal Row of Carpal Bones     

R. CHRIS WHITTON BVSC  MRCVS  FACVSC  REUBEN J. ROSE DVSC  PhD  Dip vet An  FRCVS  MACVSC 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1997,26(5):367-373

Objective— To determine the relative contributions of the palmar intercarpal ligaments in the midcarpal joint to the restraint of dorsal displacement of the proximal row of carpal bones.
Study Design— A biomechanical study of cadaver equine carpi.
Animals or Sample Population— Eight equine forelimbs from six thoroughbred horses.
Methods— With joints in full extension, the radius was dorsally displaced while midcarpal joint displacement was measured. The restraining force at a joint displacement of 1.5 mm was determined from the load-displacement curve. A ligament or pair of ligaments was then cut and the testing procedure repeated. Their contribution to restraining force was calculated as the percentage change in restraining force after the ligament was sectioned. Relative cross-sectional areas of the ligaments tested were measured at the level of the midcarpal joint.
Results— The collateral ligaments were the major contributors to the restraint of dorsal displacement ( P <.001). In all joints, the palmar intercarpal ligaments contributed a greater proportion than the palmar carpal ligament (PCL) ( P <.05). The mean percentage (±SEM) contributions to the restraint of dorsal displacement were 62.8 ± 3.4 for the collateral ligaments, 14.5 ±1.4 for the PCL, and 22.7 ± 2.2 for the palmar intercarpal ligaments. Mean cross-sectional area expressed as a percentage (±SEM) of the total ligamentous area were 9.0 ± 0.3 for the palmar intercarpal ligaments, 27.1 ± 3.0 for the PCL, and 63.8 ± 2.8 for the collateral ligaments.
Conclusions— Despite the small size of the palmar intercarpal ligaments, they play an important role in the restraint of dorsal displacement of the proximal row of carpal bones.
Clinical Relevance— Interpretation, as well as prevention and treatment of intercarpal ligament tearing requires an understanding of their function.  相似文献   

Diagnosis and grading of hereditary recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in the horse     

W. Robert Cook FRCVS  Ph.D. 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》1988,8(6):432-455

  相似文献   

Efficacy and Kinetics of Carprofen, Administered Preoperatively or Postoperatively, for the Prevention of Pain in Dogs Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

B. DUNCAN X. LASCELLES BSc  BVSc  PhD  MRCVS  CertVA  CertSAS    PETER J. CRIPPS BVSc  PhD  MRCVS    ALAN JONES BSc  AVRIL E. WATERMAN-PEARSON BVSc  PhD  FRCVS  FRCA  DVA  Diplomate ECVA 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1998,27(6):568-582

Objective —To determine what effect the timing of carprofen administration has on the severity of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy and to investigate the pharmacokinetics of carprofen under these conditions. Study Design —A prospective, randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. Animals —Sixty-two adult bitches weighing between 10 and 25 kgs, undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Methods —Examinations were performed for 20 hours postoperatively using subjective visual assessment scoring systems (DIVAS) and objective mechanical nociceptive threshold measurements. Forty dogs were assigned to one of three groups: (1) preoperative carprofen; (2) postoperative carprofen; and (3) no analgesics (saline injections). The dose of carprofen was 4.0 mg/kg subcutaneously. In another 22 bitches, the pharmacokinetics of carprofen given preoperatively or postoperatively at the same dose were examined. Results —The dogs given carprofen preoperatively had lower pain scores than the other groups, significantly so at 2 hours postextubation (P < .01 and P < .05, Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Dunn's). Mechanical pain thresholds measured at the distal tibia showed the development of hyperalgesia at 12 and 20 hours postextubation; this was prevented by both the preoperative (P < .05 at 12 and 20 hours, Kruskal-Wallis) and postoperative (P <.05 at 20 hours, Kruskal-Wallis) administration of carprofen. Mechanical pain threshold testing at the wound showed a significant analgesic effect of carprofen. Plasma concentrations of carprofen were not directly related to analgesia; maximum plasma concentration, the area under the curve to the last data point, and area under the first moment curve up to the last data point were all significantly higher in the dogs given carprofen postoperatively (P < .05, Mann-Whitney). Conclusion—Preoperative administration of carprofen has a greater analgesic effect than postoperative administration in the early postoperative period in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Plasma levels of carprofen are not related to the degree of analgesia achieved. Clinical Relevance—Carprofen provides effective analgesia after canine ovariohysterectomy. The timing of analgesic administration is important to optimize the control of postoperative pain.  相似文献