A comparison of anesthetic risk factors and outcomes in light and draft horses     

CB  Riley †  DH Riedesel  ‡  IR Dohoo†  CL Hatfield†  S Clinch† 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2003,30(2):113-114

As a result of anatomic and physiologic differences, draft breeds may be at greater risk of developing anesthetic complications. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare anesthetic management of draft (DR) and light (LT) horses. A case‐matched retrospective study of 371 clinical case records of DR (124 cases) and LT (247 cases) horses presented for general anesthesia between 1991 and 1998 was performed. Data were tabulated and comparisons were made using Student's t‐test (significance p < 0.05). Prior to induction, there were significant differences in mean body weight, rectal temperature, PCV, RBC, and serum TP concentration between DR and LT breeds. There were differences in mean doses of pre‐operative butorphanol (LT 21 µg kg^?1; DR 17 µg kg^?1), induction guaifenesin (LT 99 mg kg^?1; DR 88 mg kg^?1), and intraoperative ketamine (LT 0.35 mg kg^?1; DR 0.56 mg kg^?1) required. There were no significant differences in the mean doses of pre‐operative xylazine, detomidine, or induction barbiturate administered. The mean, average, and maximum concentrations of inspired halothane were significantly higher for DR than for LT horses. Draft horses received 33% less intraoperative IV fluids (8.2 mL kg^?1 hour^?1) than LT horses. Mean anesthetic duration, time to extubation, and standing recovery were not significantly different. Induction complications were not reported for either group. Rates of occurrence of intraoperative bradycardia, hypercarbia, hypoxemia, and metabolic acidosis (SBE, TCO₂, and bicarbonate concentration) did not differ significantly. Average MAP was greater in DR horses, but neither the degree nor the mean duration of hypotension differed between DR and LT horses. Mean PaO₂ was significantly lower in DR (246 mm Hg, 32.8 kPa) than in LT (305 mm Hg, 40.7 kPa) breeds. Draft horses were at greater relative risk of hypoventilation than LT horses. The greater MAP and requirement for halothane and intraoperative ketamine may indicate problems in achieving and maintaining a surgical plane of anesthesia. Draft horses may be at a greater risk of ventilation–perfusion mismatching.  相似文献   

Selection and characterization of resistance to the Vip3Aa20 protein from Bacillus thuringiensis in Spodoptera frugiperda          下载免费PDF全文

Oderlei Bernardi  Daniel Bernardi  Renato J Horikoshi  Daniela M Okuma  Leonardo L Miraldo  Julio Fatoretto  Fernanda CL Medeiros  Tony Burd  Celso Omoto 《Pest management science》2016,72(9):1794-1802

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Influence of genotype and diet on steer performance, manure odor, and carriage of pathogenic and other fecal bacteria. III. Odorous compound production     

Miller DN  Berry ED  Wells JE  Ferrell CL  Archibeque SL  Freetly HC 《Journal of animal science》2006,84(9):2533-2545

Three beef cattle diets were assessed for their potential to produce odorous compounds from cattle feces excreted during the growing and finishing periods. Eight pens containing 51 steers of varying proportions of Brahman and MARC III genotypes were fed either a chopped bromegrass hay diet or a corn silage diet for a 119-d growing period. After the growing period, all steers were switched to the same high-corn finishing diet (high corn) and fed to a target weight of 560 kg (finishing period). Fecal slurries were prepared from a composite of fresh fecal pats collected in each pen during both periods and incubated anaerobically. In additional flasks, starch, protein, or cellulose was added to the composite fecal subsamples to determine the preferred substrates for fermentation and odorous compound production. The content and composition of the fermentation products varied both initially and during the incubation, depending on the diet fed to the steers. The corn silage and high corn feces had the greater initial content of VFA (381.0 and 524.4 micromol/g of DM, respectively) compared with the bromegrass feces (139.3 micromol/g of DM) and accumulated more VFA than the bromegrass feces during the incubation. l-Lactic acid and VFA accumulation in the high corn and corn silage feces was at the expense of starch, based on starch loss and the production of straight-chain VFA. In the bromegrass feces, accumulation of branched-chain VFA and aromatic compounds and the low starch availability indicated that the protein in the feces was the primary source for odorous compound production. Substrate additions confirmed these conclusions. We conclude that starch availability was the primary factor determining accumulation and composition of malodorous fermentation products, and when starch was unavailable, fecal microorganisms utilized protein.  相似文献   

Effects of increasing ruminally degraded nitrogen and abomasal casein infusion on net portal flux of nutrients in yearling heifers consuming a high-grain diet.     

C R Krehbiel  C L Ferrell 《Journal of animal science》1999,77(5):1295-1305

Seven Meat Animal Research Center (MARC) III heifers (410+/-25 kg) fitted with hepatic portal, mesenteric venous, carotid catheters, and an abomasal cannula were used in a 7 x 5 incomplete Latin square design experiment. The objective was to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of ruminally degradable N (RDN) with or without the addition of abomasally infused casein on portal-drained visceral (PDV) flux of nutrients. Treatments consisted of dietary CP percentage levels of 9.5 (control), control plus .72% dietary urea (11.5U), control plus 1.44% dietary urea (13.5U), control plus abomasally infused casein (250 g/d; 11.5C), or control plus .72% dietary urea and abomasally infused casein (250 g/d; 13.5UC). All diets contained (DM basis) 80% ground corn, 15% corn silage, and 5% dry supplement and were provided for ad libitum consumption. Nitrogen intake increased (linear, P < .001) as CP increased from 9.5 to 13.5%. Portal-drained visceral release of ammonia N increased (linear, P < .10) as RDN increased, and was greater (P < .05) when protein was fed compared with heifers fed control (P < .10). Urea N removal by PDV was not affected ( P > . 10) by level of RDN but was greatest when 11.5C was fed and least when 13.5UC was fed. Net alpha-amino N (AAN) release by PDV was greatest when 13.5UC was fed (309 mmol/h), least when 9.5% CP was fed (112 mmol/h), and intermediate for the other groups (205 to 252 mmol/h). These data suggest that removal of N by the PDV may promote microbial protein synthesis when dietary RDN is low. When RDN needs have been met and amino acids are deficient for the host, escape protein should be fed to increase amino acid absorption.  相似文献   

Effects of dietary clenbuterol on metabolism of the hindquarters in steers   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J H Eisemann  G B Huntington  C L Ferrell 《Journal of animal science》1988,66(2):342-353

The objective of this study was to measure acute (d 1) and chronic (d 9) effects of dietary clenbuterol on heart rate, blood flow, oxygen uptake, and net uptake/release of metabolites in the hindquarters of growing steers. The design was a single reversal with two 9-d periods of control or 8 mg clenbuterol/d with 5 d between periods. Within 2 h of initial consumption of 2 mg clenbuterol (d 1), heart rate and blood flow doubled and arterial plasma concentrations of glucose, L-lactate and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) increased, whereas alpha-NH2 N and NH3 concentrations decreased, demonstrating an acute response. Uptake of oxygen increased and net uptake of alpha-NH2 N decreased. Net release of both L-lactate and NEFA increased. On d 9, there were no acute responses to clenbuterol consumption; however, heart rate, blood flow, and NEFA concentration remained chronically elevated, and plasma concentrations of acetate and propionate decreased compared with control feeding. Net uptake of alpha-NH2 N, oxygen and release of L-lactate by the hindquarters chronically increased on d 9 of clenbuterol feeding. Changes in both blood flow and arteriovenous (AV) concentration difference contributed to changes in uptake/release. The chronic metabolic changes and oxygen uptake were consistent with increased N retention in the hindquarters through increased protein synthesis, decreased use of acetate and increased reliance on NEFA for cellular energy. In conclusion, the data show that the perturbation of homeostatic regulation by dietary clenbuterol on d 1 evolved to establishment of homeorhetic regulation by d 9 that is consistent with increased skeletal protein accretion in growing steers.  相似文献   

Field trials of a formulation containing moxidectin and 6 in 1 vaccines for sheep     

CL SCHWARTZKOFF  RM COBB 《Australian veterinary journal》1996,74(3):225-227

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of a formulation containing moxidectin and 6 in 1 vaccine in sheep under field conditions.
Design: Efficacy and safety study.
Animals: Two hundred and five crossbred Merino lambs and two hundred and eight Merino ewes were used in the studies.
Procedure: A formulation was made for the simultaneous treatment of sheep with moxidectin and immunisation against clostridial diseases and caseous lymphadenitis. The efficacy against nematodes, vaccine response and safety were assessed.
Results: Effective control of nematodes and responses to antigens were achieved following subcutaneous administration. The formulation was safe to administer; occasional minor tissue reactions were evident, but no other adverse effects of treatment were observed in either pregnant ewes or lambs, using either the recommended dose, or an overdose of the formulation.
Conclusion: Administration of a formulation containing moxidectin, five clostridial antigens and caseous lymphadenitis antigen proved safe and efficacious under field conditions.  相似文献   

Selection on gamete recognition proteins depends on sex, density, and genotype frequency     

Levitan DR  Ferrell DL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5771):267-269

Gamete recognition proteins can evolve at astonishing rates and lie at the heart of reproductive isolation and speciation in diverse taxa. However, the source of selection driving this evolution remains unknown. We report on how the sperm bindin genotype influences reproductive success under natural conditions. An interaction between genotype frequency and spawning density determines how sperm bindin genotype influences reproductive success. Common genotypes are selected under sperm-limited conditions, whereas rare genotypes are selected under conditions of intense sperm competition and sexual conflict. Variation in the evolutionary rates of bindin may reflect historic differences in sperm availability.  相似文献   

Sialomucin Complex (Muc4) Expression in Porcine Endometrium During the Oestrous Cycle and Early Pregnancy   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

AD Ferrell  JR Malayer  KL Carraway  RD Geisert 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2003,38(1):63-65

The non‐invasive type of implantation in the pig is characterized by the maintenance of a thick glycocalyx coating on the uterine epithelial surface microvilli. Present study investigated the alteration in the sialomucin complex (Muc4) expression during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy in the pig. Endometrial tissue samples were immunostained with the primary antibody to the Muc4 transmembrane subunit ASGP‐2. Muc4 immunostaining increased in the surface and glandular epithelia between days 5 and 10 of oestrous cycle. Immunostaining continued to increase on day 12 with the greatest intensity of uterine Muc4 immunostaining detected on day 15 of the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. Endometrial Muc4 expression in cyclic gilts decreased dramatically during early proestrous but continued to remain abundant in the surface and glandular epithelium of pregnant gilts during the period of conceptus attachment to the uterine surface.  相似文献   

The protein kinase p90 rsk as an essential mediator of cytostatic factor activity     

Bhatt RR  Ferrell JE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1999,286(5443):1362-1365

Persistent activation of p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p42 MAPK) during mitosis induces a "cytostatic factor" arrest, the arrest responsible for preventing the parthenogenetic activation of unfertilized eggs. The protein kinase p90 Rsk is a substrate of p42 MAPK; thus, the role of p90 Rsk in p42 MAPK-induced mitotic arrest was examined. Xenopus laevis egg extracts immunodepleted of Rsk lost their capacity to undergo mitotic arrest in response to activation of the Mos-MEK-1-p42 MAPK cascade of protein kinases. Replenishing Rsk-depleted extracts with catalytically competent Rsk protein restored the ability of the extracts to undergo mitotic arrest. Rsk appears to be essential for cytostatic factor arrest.  相似文献   

March of the sculpin: measuring and predicting short‐term movement of banded sculpin Cottus carolinae          下载免费PDF全文

William G. Wells  Thomas C. Johnson  Amy E. Gebhard  Robert T. R. Paine  Lucas A. Hix  Heather N. Ferrell  Andrea N. Engle  Joshuah S. Perkin 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2017,26(2):280-291

Movement of fishes through space and time is critical for population regulation and community structuring, but the dispersal of many benthic stream fishes remains unstudied. We used passive integrated transponders to track the short‐term dispersal of 51 banded sculpin Cottus carolinae throughout a 600 m reach of Little Creek in central Tennessee during April and May. Our objectives were to assess the efficacy of recently developed dispersal models, evaluate temporal variability in movement and determine whether individuals switched between stationary and mobile movement behaviours. Observed movement distances did not differ from modelled leptokurtic dispersal kernels estimated using the fishmove package in the R Statistical Environment for 12 of 13 recapture occasions. Leptokurtic dispersal kernel parameters including the mobile component (σ_mob) and shared stationary component (p) were temporally dynamic and differed from static median values reported for fishes in fishmove, while the more abundant stationary component (σ_stat) showed agreement with fishmove. The recapture occasion during which model predictions were not validated was associated with a large flow pulse that stimulated increased movement at the population scale. At the individual scale, 28 of 51 fish switched between stationary and mobile dispersal behaviour and the frequency distribution of switches was leptokurtic. Collectively, our findings reveal an emergent property characterised by consistent upstream movement of banded sculpin despite variability in population‐scale responses to flow and individual‐scale switches in movement behaviour. This paradox represents the march of the sculpin, in which fish diffusively spread upstream at a constant rate despite multiscale variability in movement behaviours.  相似文献