Pharmacokinetics of a novel closantel/ivermectin injection in cattle     

Cromie L  Ferry M  Couper A  Fields C  Taylor SM 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2006,29(3):205-211

Two studies are described on the pharmacokinetics of a combination anthelmintic consisting of ivermectin and closantel for use in cattle. In the first, the pharmacokinetics of both active drugs in the combination were compared with the formulation with either ivermectin or closantel removed. No differences in the pharmacokinetics were observed, indicating that neither the absorption nor distribution of ivermectin or closantel in the combination were influenced by the presence of the other. In the second study the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin and closantel in the combination product were compared with control formulations of each. No difference was found between the closantel formulations. With ivermectin it was noted that absorption and excretion were more rapid and Cmax higher in the combination, although the AUC of both formulations were not significantly different.  相似文献   

Hereditary 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-Resistant Rickets in a Pomeranian Dog Caused by a Novel Mutation in the Vitamin D Receptor Gene     

D.N. LeVine  Y. Zhou  R.J. Ghiloni  E.L. Fields  A.J. Birkenheuer  J.L. Gookin  I.D. Roberston  P.J. Malloy  D. Feldman 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2009,23(6):1278-1283

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Effect of methoprene on the progeny production of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)     

Leanage KW Wijayaratne  Paul G Fields  Frank H Arthur 《Pest management science》2012,68(2):217-224

BACKGROUND: Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) is a serious insect pest of stored products around the world. Current control measures for this species have several limitations: loss of registration of insecticides, insecticide resistance and consumer concerns about chemical residues in food. The objective of this study was to determine whether methoprene affects progeny production of T. castaneum. Late‐instar larvae or young adults were exposed to methoprene‐treated wheat, and progeny production was determined. The pairing of male and female adults was performed as untreated × untreated, treated × untreated or treated × treated, to study sex‐based effects. RESULTS: There were three outcomes to late‐instar larvae held on methoprene‐treated wheat kernels (0.001 and 0.0165 ppm): (1) failure to emerge as an adult; (2) emergence as an adult, and almost no offspring produced; (3) emergence as an adult and normal production of offspring. Male larvae were more susceptible to methoprene than female larvae. In contrast, young adults exposed to methoprene (1.67–66.6 ppm) showed no reduction in offspring production. CONCLUSION: Methoprene concentrations will decline with time following its application. However, this research indicates that methoprene can still reduce populations of T. castaneum by reducing their progeny production, even if adults emerge. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Viral shedding and transmission between hosts determined by reovirus L2 gene   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

M Keroack  B N Fields 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,232(4758):1635-1638

Two reovirus isolates (type 1 Lang and type 3 Dearing) differ in their transmissibility between littermates of newborn mice. They also differ in the amounts of virus excreted by the gastrointestinal tract. With the use of reassortant viruses, these properties were mapped to the L2 gene. Thus environmental spread of reovirus is a genetic property.  相似文献   

The use of isoflurane to anaesthetise koalas (Phascolarctus cinereus)     

MR McGOWAN  SD JOHNSTON  A. TRIBE  L. VAN  HENSBROEK FN CARRICK 《Australian veterinary journal》1995,72(12):472-473

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Effect of Cryopreservation on the Sperm DNA Fragmentation Dynamics of the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)          下载免费PDF全文

MJ Sánchez‐Calabuig  C López‐Fernández  SD Johnston  D Blyde  J Cooper  K Harrison  J de la Fuente  J Gosálvez 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2015,50(2):227-235

Sperm DNA fragmentation is one of the major causes of infertility; the sperm chromatin dispersion test (SCDt) evaluates this parameter and offers the advantage of species‐specific validated protocol and ease of use under field conditions. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate sperm DNA fragmentation dynamics in both fresh and post‐thaw bottlenose dolphin sperm using the SCDt following different cryopreservation protocols to gain new information about the post‐thaw differential sperm DNA longevity in this species. Fresh and cryopreserved semen samples from five bottlenose dolphins were examined for sperm DNA fragmentation dynamics using the SCDt (Halomax^®). Sperm DNA fragmentation was assessed immediately at collection and following cryopreservation (T0) and then after 0.5, 1, 4, 8, 24, 48 and 72 h incubation at 37°C. Serially collected ejaculates from four dolphins were frozen using different cryopreservation protocols in a TES‐TRIS‐fructose buffer (TTF), an egg‐yolk‐free vegetable lipid LP1 buffer (LP1) and human sperm preservation medium (HSPM). Fresh ejaculated spermatozoa initially showed low levels of DNA fragmentation for up to 48 h. Lower Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) was found in the second fresh ejaculate compared to the first when more than one sample was collected on the same day (p < 0.05); this difference was not apparent in any other seminal characteristic. While there was no difference observed in SDF between fresh and frozen–thawed sperm using the different cryopreservation protocols immediately after thawing (T0), frozen–thawed spermatozoa incubated at 37°C showed an increase in the rate of SDF after 24 h. Sperm frozen in the LP1^? buffer had higher levels (p < 0.05) of DNA fragmentation after 24‐ and 48‐h incubation than those frozen in TTF or HSPM. No correlation was found between any seminal characteristic and DNA fragmentation in either fresh and/or frozen–thawed samples.  相似文献   

Epidemic of blindness in kangaroos - evidence of a viral aetiology     

PT HOOPER  RA LUNT  AR GOULD  AD HYATT  GM RUSSELL  JA KATTENBELT  SD BLACKSELL  LA REDDACLIFF  PD KIRKLAND  RJ DAVIS  PJK DURHAM  AL BISHOP  J WADDINGTON 《Australian veterinary journal》1999,77(8):529-536

OBJECTIVE: To determine the cause of an epidemic of blindness in kangaroos. DESIGN AND PROCEDURES: Laboratory examinations were made of eyes and brains of a large number of kangaroos using serological, virological, histopathological, electron microscopical, immunohistochemical methods, and PCR with cDNA sequencing. In addition, potential insect viral vectors identified during the disease outbreak were examined for specific viral genomic sequences. SAMPLE POPULATION: For histopathological analysis, 55 apparently blind and 18 apparently normal wild kangaroos and wallabies were obtained from New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, and Western Australia. A total of 437 wild kangaroos and wallabies (including 23 animals with apparent blindness) were examined serologically. RESULTS: Orbiviruses of the Wallal and Warrego serogroups were isolated from kangaroos affected with blindness in a major epidemic in south-eastern Australia in 1994 and 1995 and extending to Western Australia in 1995/96. Histopathological examinations showed severe degeneration and inflammation in the eyes, and mild inflammation in the brains. In affected retinas, Wallal virus antigen was detected by immunohistochemical analysis and orbiviruses were seen in electron microscopy. There was serological variation in the newly isolated Wallal virus from archival Wallal virus that had been isolated in northern Australia. There were also variations of up to 20% in genotype sequence from the reference archival virus. Polymerase chain reactions showed that Wallal virus was present during the epidemic in three species of midges, Culicoides austropalpalis, C dycei and C marksi. Wallal virus nucleic acid was also detected by PCR in a paraffin-embedded retina taken from a blind kangaroo in 1975. CONCLUSION: Wallal virus and perhaps also Warrego virus are the cause of the outbreak of blindness in kangaroos. Other viruses may also be involved, but the evidence in this paper indicates a variant of Wallal virus, an orbivirus transmitted by midges, has the strongest aetiological association, and immunohistochemical analysis implicates it as the most damaging factor in the affected eyes.  相似文献   

Mechanisms of quorum sensing and strategies for quorum sensing disruption in aquaculture pathogens          下载免费PDF全文

J Zhao  M Chen  CS Quan  SD Fan 《Journal of fish diseases》2015,38(9):771-786

In many countries, infectious diseases are a considerable threat to aquaculture. The pathogenicity of micro‐organisms that infect aquaculture systems is closely related to the release of virulence factors and the formation of biofilms, both of which are regulated by quorum sensing (QS). Thus, QS disruption is a potential strategy for preventing disease in aquaculture systems. QS inhibitors (QSIs) not only inhibit the expression of virulence‐associated genes but also attenuate the virulence of aquaculture pathogens. In this review, we discuss QS systems in important aquaculture pathogens and focus on the relationship between QS mechanisms and bacterial virulence in aquaculture. We further elucidate QS disruption strategies for targeting aquaculture pathogens. Four main types of QSIs that target aquaculture pathogens are discussed based on their mechanisms of action.  相似文献   

Large within-population genetic diversity of the widespread conifer Pinus sylvestris at its soil fertility limit characterized by nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers     

Leila Pazouki  Parvin Salehi Shanjani  Peter D. Fields  Karina Martins  Marina Suhhorutšenko  Haldja Viinalass  Ülo Niinemets 《European Journal of Forest Research》2016,135(1):161-177

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Optimization of contrast-enhanced multidetector abdominal computed tomography in sedated canine patients     

Fields EL  Robertson ID  Brown JC 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2012,53(5):507-512

A major disadvantage of computed tomography for abdominal screening in dogs has been the need for general anesthesia to prevent motion artifacts. With multidetector helical CT, it is possible to decrease examination time, allowing patients to be scanned under sedation. It is also desirable to decrease tube loading to prolong x-ray tube life. To develop a protocol that will allow for examination of sedated patients with minimal image artifacts, milliamperage (mA) and helical pitch were varied, providing 16 experimental scan protocols. A standard clinical protocol was also tested, providing 17 protocols for evaluation. These protocols were tested, using a standard CT phantom, canine tissues in a water bath, and a canine cadaver. The cadaver images were scored semiquantitatively by three reviewers to determine the protocol with the best combination of speed and minimal image artifact. The optimized protocol was then applied to 27 sedated canine patients of three body weight categories. The images obtained were compared to the standard protocol by two reviewers for presence of motion, streak, and quantum mottle artifacts. There was significantly more streak artifact noted by one observer using the optimized study protocol, but no significant difference in any other category. Scanning under sedation was well tolerated in all patients, and sedated CT examination is a promising tool for screening abdominal disease in dogs.  相似文献