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991.
Achilli M. Zoboli A. Gács I. De Robertis U. Bianchi A. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1997,93(1-4):285-302
This study is focused on the speciation of selected elements in oil ash. Our efforts were directed primarily to obtain information on the various forms of vanadium, chromium and nickel. One sample was characterized via its total composition and via its capacity for releasing various elements. The latter was estimated by hot water and nitric acid extractios. A rapid cold water extraction technique has been developed and utilized for sample preparation prior to aqueous speciation by high pressure ion chromatography (HPIC). Results of the HPIC measurements, in agreement with electron spin resonance (ESR) investigations performed on the solid sample, indicate that 38% of the vanadium is present as VOSO4, 58% of the chromium is Cr2(SO4)3 and 30% of the nickel is NiSO4. The pH and the redox potential values of the cold water extract support the existence of these forms. Results of a generic study with successive fractionation extractions show the probable existence of oxides, associations with organic matter and aluminosilicate minerals. 相似文献
992.
The time-course of 14CO2 formation in chernozem soil samples enriched with 1- or 2-14C-2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (50 μg g g?1 air-dry soil) was determined during incubation at 28°C. Except for the initial phase of decomposition, when the conversion of carboxyl carbon to 14CO2 predominated over that of carbon in position 2, the rates of mineralization of the two carbon atoms of the side chain of the herbicide molecule exhibited no significant difference. The exponential phase of 14CO2 evolution lasted from the 3rd to the 21st day of incubation; a semilogarithmic plot of its time dependence was strictly linear. The mineralization activity doubling time in this phase was 89.1 ± 3.6 h with 1-14CO-2, 4-D and 85.4 ± 5. l h with 2-14CO-2,4-D. An exponential decrease in mineralization activity was observed after 21 days, probably due to substrate exhaustion. The total proportion of radioactive carbon introduced into the soil in the form of 1- or 2-14CO-2,4-D and converted into 14CO2 during 31 days of incubation was about 33%. Plate counts of bacteria increased during 35 days of incubation from 2.14 × 108 to 2.8 × 108 g?1. The proportion of bacteria capable of producing 14CO2 from the labelled herbicide increased in this period from 4.1 to 86.1%. This increase is probably directly responsible for the immediate onset of mineralization of the herbicide in soil treated previously with it or in soil inoculated with a suspension prepared from a sample previously incubated with the herbicide. 相似文献
993.
Carmen G. Méndez-García Mayra Y. Luna-Porres Maria E. Montero-Cabrera Marusia Renteria-Villalobos Bernardo Pérez-Cázares Rafael García-Tenorio 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(7):1970-1985
Purpose
The El Granero reservoir is the last reservoir of the Rio Conchos before it joins the Rio Grande at the Mexico–USA border. This reservoir, together with the San Marcos reservoir, is located in the arid region of Chihuahua, Mexico. High, naturally occurring radioactivity levels, as well as high arsenic (As) concentrations, have been found in both reservoirs. The main goal of this research was to establish the spatial and temporal distribution of trace and radioactive elements in surface sediments and cores collected from these reservoirs.Materials and methods
Sediment cores were dated using 210Pb and 137Cs measurements and applying the constant rate of supply (CRS) model. Major, trace, and radioactive elements were determined in surface samples and three sediment cores. Radioactive elements were determined by both alpha and gamma spectrometry. Major and trace elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) using the EPA 3051a method. Enrichment factors (EF), contamination factors (CF), and pollution load indexes (PLI) were calculated in order to identify the human impact in both reservoirs, whereas the chemical index weathering (CIW) was used to assess differences in the degree of weathering.Results and discussion
High uranium (U) enrichment (EFs?=?24.9–54.7) was observed in core layers at the San Marcos reservoir, while in surface sediments, this enrichment was lower. The high variability of lead (Pb) and As in sediment cores from the Granero reservoir was attributed to human influence. Arsenic and Pb enrichment differences between entry and exit sediment cores were explained by the filtering capabilities of the elongated shape, the topography, and the presence of plants on the reservoir’s bed. The highest PLI was found at the entrance core of the Granero reservoir.Conclusions
The natural element concentration levels of As, Pb, and U were established at the Granero reservoir. High EFs for As and Pb suggest an anthropogenic origin of these pollutants at specific time intervals. High U concentrations in the San Marcos area are explained as naturally occurring. The concentrations of As in most of the studied sediments could pose a risk to human health by As ingestion, since they are above the probable effect level (PEL).994.
Determination of Plant-Available Nutrients in Two Wood Ashes: The Influence of Combustion Conditions
Ivana Perná Pavla Ochecová Jiřina Száková Tomáš Hanzlíček Pavel Tlustoš 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2016,47(13-14):1664-1674
Wood ashes were traditionally used as a fertilizing agent from the very beginning of working land but the fertilizing quality varies according to the combusted biomass and also the industrial burning equipment. The differences between wood ash originated from fluid and classic boiler were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Mehlich 3 and deionized water extraction procedures in relation to extraction time. The results, especially of the SEM and chemical extractions, have demonstrated that the type of burning boiler determines the portions of the leachable nutrient elements. The silica and alumina ash content conducted by the elevated temperature transforms the main proportion of calcium and potassium into the insoluble feldspars. Due to this effect only a small amount of nutrients could be released and served as a fertilizing matter. 相似文献
995.
J. Aguilar C. Dorronsoro E. Fernández J. Fernández I. García F. Martín M. Sierra M. Simón 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2007,180(1-4):109-118
In 1998, the pond containing the ore wastes from a pyrite mine in Aznalcóllar (SW, Spain) broke open, spilling some 36×105 m3 of acidic waters and 9?×?105 m3 of tailings containing high concentrations of As and heavy metals. The affected area was around 55 km2 of predominantly agricultural soils. After the clean-up of the tailings, many remediation actions were undertaken and the use of blocking agents to immobilize the As was one of the most extended measure. The first experiment performed was to determine the most important soil components in As adsorption under acidic conditions. A second experiment was conducted to neutralize the acidity caused by the solution coming from the tailings undergoing oxidation; an adequate liming material (sugar-refinery scum) was selected and the application rates were established. After the remediation measures, the zone was monitored for three years. A detailed study in four experimental plots located in the most polluted sector was carried out to test the influence of iron oxides in the As immobilization. The use of red soils of the area (rich in free-iron oxides Fed) was established as an appropriate material in the remediation of the area. 相似文献
996.
Native Grass Facilitates Mycorrhizal Colonisation and P Uptake of Tree Seedlings in Two Anthropogenic Substrates 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Batkhuugyin Enkhtuya Michael Pöschl Miroslav Vosátka 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2005,166(1-4):217-236
Two microcosm experiments were conducted to study the role of extraradical mycelium (ERM) of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in establishment and growth of tree species used for revegetation in anthropogenic substrates. Inoculated or non-inoculated Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus glutinosa or Salix purpurea seedlings were grown with Calamagrostis epigejos (a grass spontaneously colonising degraded ecosystems) in two substrates (fly ash and coal mine spoil) either in direct root contact or in rhizoboxes with interaction only via ERM network. In both experiments, inoculation with AMF mostly had a positive effect on the growth of trees and increased the aggregation of fly ash. When plants grew in direct root-to-root contact, grass presence negatively affected tree growth, but it significantly improved mycorrhizal development (colonization of tree seedlings, spore number and ERM length). When grass and tree roots interacted via the ERM network, tree seedlings were successfully colonised by the ERM spreading from the C. epigejos roots. Mechanical disturbance of the ERM links between plants reduced AMF development and tree height in both substrates, but tree shoot biomass was not affected. In fly ash, inoculated, non-disturbed treatments showed significant transfer of 32P from the grass to the tree seedlings. It can be concluded that roots of A. pseudoplatanus, A. glutinosa or S. purpurea seedlings can be colonised from the ERM network radiating from quickly growing grasses, which can act as important agents for AMF distribution and facilitate mycorrhization of planted trees. In particular for willow, grass seems to be an essential nurse plant to achieve successful root colonisation. 相似文献
997.
Fermentation of white wines in the presence of wood chips of American and French oak 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Pérez-Coello MS Sánchez MA García E González-Viñas MA Sanz J Cabezudo MD 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2000,48(3):885-889
Must obtained from Airén grapes was fermented in the presence of wood chips (4 and 7 g/L) of either French oak (from Vosges, central France, and Allier zones) or American oak. Fermentation yields were higher than in the control fermentations carried out in the absence of wood, and production of volatile substances during fermentation (alcohols, esters, and acetates) was also higher. The volatile substances that leached out of the wood were analyzed by GC-MS-SIR. The results showed that their concentrations depended on the type and amount of the oak; some of these substances were consumed in part by the yeasts during fermentation. A taste panel favorably assessed the wines produced by fermentation in the presence of oak chips, which retained part of the must original fruity aroma. 相似文献
998.
Improvement of table grapes quality and safety by the combination of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and eugenol, menthol, or thymol 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Valverde JM Guillén F Martínez-Romero D Castillo S Serrano M Valero D 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(19):7458-7464
Table grape is a nonclimacteric fruit that shows a rapid loss of quality during storage and is very susceptible to colonization by fungi, especially Botrytis cinerea, which is considered the most important disease of this commodity. To solve this problem, synthetic fungicides have been used, although legal restrictions and consumer's concern demand the search of other safe means. In the present paper, and as an alternative of synthetic fungicides, an active packaging to improve MAP effectiveness on preserving table grape (cv. Crimson Seedless) quality and safety was developed by the addition of 0.5 mL of eugenol, thymol, or menthol inside the packages. Packages were stored at 1 degree C for 35 days. The final gas composition inside the packages was 1.4-2.0 and 10.0-14.5 kPa of CO(2) and O(2), respectively, with no significant slight differences among treatments. Results showed that the addition of eugenol, thymol, or menthol improved the beneficial effect of MAP in terms of delaying weight loss and color changes, retarding degrees Brix/acidity ratio evolution, and maintaining of firmness. Thereafter, these treatments showed additional benefit in terms of delayed rates of rachis deterioration and berry decay. Finally, the total viable counts for both mesophilic aerobics and especially yeast and molds were significantly reduced in the grapes packaged with the natural antimicrobial compounds. All of the above effects led to maintenance of table grape quality and safety for longer storage periods (3 additional weeks as compared to controls under MAP only). 相似文献
999.
Biologists have not paid much attention to the mathematical structures of biological classifications and their interpretations.
A few have made such an analysis mainly using statistical distribution models. Comparisons with nonbiological classifications
are needed to know if such structures are the result of biological evolution or of taxonomic practices, utilitarian bias,
and/or subconscious cognitive rules. We compare the biological classification of a target group of soil borne plant parasitic
nematodes (the Tylenchina suborder) with a non-biological one (the USDA 8th edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy). The authors made use of the same tools used in previous papers by biologists introducing other classifications. The results
show that both taxonomies are information systems that try to optimize the information flow and fit well to the same distribution
models. The analysis does not show any idiosyncrasies of biological classifications with respect to pedological ones, thus,
supporting the idea that these products are the result of subconscious cognitive rules used by humankind to classify the world.
Published in Russian in Pochvovedenie, 2006, No. 7, pp. 795–803.
The text was submitted by the authors in English. 相似文献
1000.
Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oil of Chrysactinia mexicana gray 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cárdenas-Ortega NC Zavala-Sánchez MA Aguirre-Rivera JR Pérez-González C Pérez-Gutiérrez S 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(11):4347-4349
The chemical composition of the essential oil of Chysactinia mexicana was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Seventeen compounds were characterized; eucalyptol (41.3%), piperitone (37.7%), and linalyl acetate (9.1%) were found as the major components. The essential oil of leaves and piperitone completely inhibited Aspergillus flavus growth at relatively low concentrations (1.25 and 0.6 mg/mL, respectively). 相似文献