Predicting pragmatic reasoning in language games     

Frank MC  Goodman ND 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6084):998

One of the most astonishing features of human language is its capacity to convey information efficiently in context. Many theories provide informal accounts of communicative inference, yet there have been few successes in making precise, quantitative predictions about pragmatic reasoning. We examined judgments about simple referential communication games, modeling behavior in these games by assuming that speakers attempt to be informative and that listeners use Bayesian inference to recover speakers' intended referents. Our model provides a close, parameter-free fit to human judgments, suggesting that the use of information-theoretic tools to predict pragmatic reasoning may lead to more effective formal models of communication.  相似文献   

Effects of Firocoxib and Tepoxalin on Healing in a Canine Gastric Mucosal Injury Model     

L. Goodman  B. Torres  J. Punke  L. Reynolds  A. Speas  A. Ellis  S. Budsberg 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2009,23(1):56-62

Background: Little is known about the effect of dual cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase inhibition on canine gastric mucosal healing.
Objective: This study compares the effects of putative dual COX and 5-lipoxygenase inhibition with that of COX-2 selective inhibition on gastric mucosal lesion healing in dogs.
Animals: Six normal adult mixed-breed research dogs.
Methods: Gastric body and pyloric lesions were induced by endoscopic biopsy. Dogs were treated with tepoxalin, firocoxib, or placebo for 7 days in a randomized 3-way crossover study design. Healing was evaluated on days 2, 4, and 7 of treatment by endoscopic lesion scoring. Eicosanoid concentrations in plasma and at the lesion margins were determined on days 2, 4, and 7. Repeated measures analyses were performed. All hypothesis tests were 2-sided with P < .05. Multiple comparisons were adjusted using Tukey's test.
Results: Significant treatment differences were noted in the pyloric lesion area measurements. Overall, the firocoxib group had larger lesions than the placebo ( P = .0469) or tepoxalin ( P = .0089) groups. Despite larger pyloric lesions in the firocoxib group, mucosal prostaglandin production did not differ significantly from placebo. In contrast, the tepoxalin group had significantly lower pyloric mucosal prostaglandin production compared with the firocoxib ( P < .0001) or the placebo ( P < .0001) groups but pyloric lesions were not significantly larger than those of the placebo group ( P = .7829).
Conclusion: COX-2 inhibition by firocoxib slowed wound healing by a mechanism independent of prostaglandin synthesis. Suppression of mucosal prostaglandin production by tepoxalin did not alter mucosal lesion healing compared with placebo.  相似文献   

Cefquinome Concentrations in Endometrium after Intrauterine Treatment of Cobactan 4.5%^® in Mares and Inflammatory Response of the Endometrium to this Treatment     

JM Parlevliet  DL Paccamonti  SA Barker 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2009,44(2):189-193

This study was conducted to measure the concentration of cefquinome in the endometrium of mares after intrauterine treatment and to evaluate associated inflammation. Mares (n = 14) were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: (i) control (n = 4) were either not treated (n = 2) or received (n = 2) lactated Ringer's intrauterine for 1 or 3 days; (ii) treated mares (n = 10) received intrauterine cefquinome for 1 or 3 days. After at least 10 days had passed following the last treatment and ovulation, mares were given Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and were randomly assigned to an alternate treatment. Endometrial biopsy samples were taken at 2, 8, 24 and 48 h, or at 4, 12 and 36 h, after the last treatment. Biopsy samples were taken at the same time points from control mares (n = 2) and lactated Ringer-treated mares (n = 2). Cefquinome concentrations were quantified using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay and inflammation was assessed using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections. Concentrations of cefquinome [559 (1 day) and 595 μg/g (3 days) at 2 h, and 403 (1 day) and 370 μg/g (3 days) at 4 h] were similar between treatment groups at 2 and 4 h after treatment (p > 0.05). At 8 h, as well as at 24 and 48 h, concentrations were greater in the 3-day group (17 vs 301 μg/g, 3 vs 80 μg/g and 0.1 vs 0.2 μg/g, respectively) (p < 0.05). No significant differences (p > 0.05) in the inflammatory response at 2–48 h after treatment were found between groups.  相似文献   

Manual of Exotic Pet Practice - Mark A. Mitchell and Thomas N. Tully Jr     

Gidona Goodman 《The Journal of small animal practice》2009,50(9):503-503

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Comparison of acetate tape impression with squeezing versus skin scraping for the diagnosis of canine demodicosis     

AV Pereira  SA Pereira  IDF Gremião  MP Campos  AMR Ferreira 《Australian veterinary journal》2012,90(11):448-450

This study compared the sensitivity of acetate tape impression and skin squeezing with that of deep skin scraping for the diagnosis of demodicosis in dogs. Demodex canis was detected in 100% of acetate tape impressions obtained after skin squeezing and in 90% of deep skin scrapings. There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) between the techniques in the total number of mites detected. Acetate tape impression with skin squeezing was found to be more sensitive than deep skin scraping and is an alternative diagnostic method for canine demodicosis.  相似文献   

Use of low molecular weight heparin in cats: 57 cases (1999-2003)     

Smith CE  Rozanski EA  Freeman LM  Brown DJ  Goodman JS  Rush JE 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2004,225(8):1237-1241

OBJECTIVE: To determine duration of administration, complications, and frequency of aortic thromboembolism associated with administration of low molecular weight heparin (dalteparin) in cats. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 57 cats treated with dalteparin PROCEDURE: Data were recorded from the medical records of cats treated with dalteparin, and owners were contacted by telephone for information regarding ease of administration and possible adverse effects. RESULTS: Dalteparin was easily administered by owners. Median dose was 99 U/kg (45 U/lb) once or twice daily. Bleeding complications were infrequent. Of 43 cats with cardiomyopathy that received owner-administered dalteparin for a median follow-up time of 172 days, 8 cats developed documented or possible arterial thromboembolism. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dalteparin was easily administered by owners and was well tolerated by cats. Whether dalteparin administration can reduce the frequency or severity of arterial thromboembolism is not yet known.  相似文献   

不同年限玉米秸秆还田对土壤微生物多样性的影响          下载免费PDF全文

萨如拉  于淼  李媛媛  杨恒山  马金慧 《中国土壤与肥料》2023,(11):34-40

秸秆还田是培肥地力、改良土壤的重要措施。内蒙古高原向松辽平原过渡地带春玉米区,玉米长期连作导致了耕层变薄、土壤次生盐渍化等土壤退化问题。采用田间定位试验的方法,研究连续多年(8、5、2年)秸秆旋耕还田条件下对土壤微生物的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田土壤中最丰富的细菌类型为变形菌门(Proteobac-teria),其次为放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes);真菌类型为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)。随着秸秆还田年限的增加,变形菌门和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)相对丰度增加、放线菌门相对丰度下降,拟杆菌门相对丰度较稳定;子囊菌门、担子菌门、接合菌门(Zygomycota)相对丰度先下降后上升,而球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)和壶菌门(Chytridiomycota)相对丰度变化规律相反;属水平上Sphingomonas、Lysobacter、Hannaella相对丰度先上升后下降,而Leptosphaeria和Mono-dictys相对丰度变化规律相反;Pseudarthrobacter、Fusarium相对丰度下降,Gaiella相对丰度较稳定;Guehomyces相对丰度增加;并且细菌和真菌相对丰度拐点均出现在秸秆还田5年后。随着秸秆还田年限的增加,土壤细菌和真菌多样性均有所降低;秸秆还田与秸秆不还田土壤的差异物种有Aquicella、Fusicolla和Spizellomyces;由此可推测,秸秆还田增加土壤氮和钾含量,减少病害;试验区连续多年的玉米秸秆还田改变了土壤微生物群落组成,玉米秸秆连续还田5年后土壤微生物多样性有下降趋势。  相似文献   

Clinical evaluation of protein electrophoresis of cerebral spinal fluid     

DJ Leatherman  SA Valdez  BG Grant  JC Cannon 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》1999,19(12):776, 778

Protein fractions of cerebral spinal fluid samples were analyzed in an effort to find a reliable, minimally invasive and cost effective method of diagnosing cervical vertebral myelopathy. There were six separate protein fractions analyzed by electrophoresis. In this study we specifically looked for a post beta spike in horses with spinal cord compression. There was no correlation in our study between horses with a post beta spike and CVM as diagnosed by a myelogram.  相似文献   

Selection and characterization of the inheritance of resistance of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to chlorantraniliprole and cross‐resistance to other diamide insecticides     

Anderson Bolzan  Fernando EO Padovez  Antonio RB Nascimento  Ingrid S Kaiser  Ewerton C Lira  Fernando SA Amaral  Rubens H Kanno  Jos B Malaquias  Celso Omoto 《Pest management science》2019,75(10):2682-2689

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额济纳胡杨林土壤含水量时空变化的研究   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

萨如拉  豪树奇  张秋良  伊力塔 《林业资源管理》2006,(1):59-62

使用管状土壤水分仪,对额济纳胡杨林、沙枣林、柽柳林以及其它不同样地的土壤含水量时空变化进行了调查研究。结果表明,大部分样地有大约20CM的干沙层,使表层土壤含水量最低;土壤剖面的30~150CM土层内,随土壤深度的增加,土壤含水量逐渐增大;沙枣林和柽柳林的土壤含水量明显高于胡杨林土壤含水量;土壤质地的变化和三种林型耗水量的差异是土壤含水量高低变化的原因;2004年5月份的土壤含水量明显高于2003年7月份的土壤含水量。  相似文献