Metabolic aspects of the toxicology of diazinon. I. Hepatic metabolism in the sheep,cow, pig,guinea-pig,rat, turkey,chicken and duck     

Antony F. Machin  Heather Rogers  Alan J. Cross  Michael P. Quick  Laurence C. Howell  Norman F. Janes 《Pest management science》1975,6(5):461-473

The phosphorothionate insecticide diazinon was incubated with liver microsomes from the sheep, cow, pig, guinea-pig, rat, turkey, chicken and duck. Metabolism by liver slices of most of these species was also examined. Hydroxydiazinon, isohydroxydiazinon, dehydrodiazinon, their oxons and diazoxon were identified and determined quantitatively or semi-quantitatively. An eighth metabolite was tentatively identified as the 6-aldehyde analogue of diazinon. Yields and rates of production of these metabolites varied greatly between species. Production of oxons was not generally correlated with susceptibility to diazinon poisoning, although it was lowest in the least susceptible animal, the sheep. The degradation of oxons by liver slices was too slow to explain the low toxicity of diazinon to the mammals. The relative importance of hepatic and extrahepatic metabolism in determining toxicity to vertebrates is discussed.  相似文献   

Polyvalent degenerate oligonucleotides reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction: a polyvalent detection and characterization tool for trichoviruses, capilloviruses, and foveaviruses     

Foissac X  Svanella-Dumas L  Gentit P  Dulucq MJ  Marais A  Candresse T 《Phytopathology》2005,95(6):617-625

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An easy and rapid method using microscopy to determine herbicide effects in Poaceae weed species     

Hjorth M  Mondolot L  Buatois B  Andary C  Rapior S  Kudsk P  Mathiassen SK  Ravn HW 《Pest management science》2006,62(6):515-521

A new, easy, rapid and relatively inexpensive method using microscopy has been developed for the detection of herbicide effects in leaves of grass weed species displaying no visual signs of damage. The method has potential to be used as a tool to indicate future death of grass species due to herbicide exposure by observing phytochemical effects, i.e. early-warning effects. In the present study, Apera spica-venti (L.) Beauv., Bromus hordeaceus L., Alopecurus myosuroides Huds., Lolium perenne L. and Poa annua L. were exposed to lethal rates of four herbicides with different mode of action. The herbicides investigated were the thiocarbamate: prosulfocarb, the sulfonylurea: iodosulfuron, the aryloxyphenoxypropionate: fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and the organophosphate glyphosate. Autofluorescence of leaves was studied under a microscope using ultraviolet and blue light. The fluorescence of leaves treated to enhance flavonoids was also examined. To confirm the results, microspectrofluorometry was performed. Effects indicating future death of the grasses were observed in visually healthy leaves following treatment with prosulfocarb, glyphosate and iodosulfuron. No changes were detected following treatment with fenoxaprop-P-ethyl. After exposure to glyphosate or iodosulfuron, changes in the content of flavonoids and other compounds with a conjugation system and rigid structure and a decrease in the content of chlorophyll were detected in the leaves. Prosulfocarb treatment resulted in changes in the content of flavonoids and other compounds with a conjugation system and rigid structure and an increase in the content of chlorophyll in the leaves. The results obtained from microspectrofluorometry indicated that exposure to prosulfocarb caused a reduction in the flavonoids quercetin, naringenin and/or naringin.  相似文献   

Isolation and characterization of Babesia pecorum sp. nov. from farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus)     

Maggy Jouglin  Isabel G Fernández-de-Mera  Nathalie de la Cotte  Francisco Ruiz-Fons  Christian Gortázar  Emmanuelle Moreau  Suzanne Bastian  José de la Fuente  Laurence Malandrin 《Veterinary research》2014,45(1)

The diversity of Babesia species infecting cervids in parts of central and southern Spain was analyzed by collecting blood from farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus). Babesia sp. was isolated in vitro from two red deer herds in Cádiz and Ciudad Real. The number of Babesia sp. carriers differed between the two herds: 36/77 in Cádiz and 1/35 in Ciudad Real. Hyalomma lusitanicum was the most prevalent tick species identified on the Cádiz farm vegetation and on sampled animals, and is therefore a candidate vector. The molecular characteristics of 21 isolates were determined by complete (8 isolates) or partial (13 isolates) 18S rRNA gene sequencing. The sequences were highly similar (over 99.4% identity) and 6 sequence types were identified at the level of one herd only, demonstrating a rather high genetic diversity. They formed a monophyletic clade, and members of the three main sequence types shared a similar morphology and the same erythrocyte susceptibility pattern. This clade also included Babesia sp. Xinjiang isolated from sheep in China and Babesia sp. identified in giraffe in South Africa, with identities higher than 98.3% and statistically relevant phylogenetic support. None of the biological properties analyzed for both Babesia from red deer and Babesia sp. Xinjiang allowed their differentiation (ability to develop in vitro in erythrocytes from cattle and sheep, as well as in erythrocytes from different cervids, unsuccessful infection of calves). We propose the Babesia isolated from red deer as a new species named B. pecorum. Whether Babesia sp. Xinjiang and the Babesia characterized in South Africa belong to the same species is debated.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13567-014-0078-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   

A human genome diversity cell line panel     

Cann HM  de Toma C  Cazes L  Legrand MF  Morel V  Piouffre L  Bodmer J  Bodmer WF  Bonne-Tamir B  Cambon-Thomsen A  Chen Z  Chu J  Carcassi C  Contu L  Du R  Excoffier L  Ferrara GB  Friedlaender JS  Groot H  Gurwitz D  Jenkins T  Herrera RJ  Huang X  Kidd J  Kidd KK  Langaney A  Lin AA  Mehdi SQ  Parham P  Piazza A  Pistillo MP  Qian Y  Shu Q  Xu J  Zhu S  Weber JL  Greely HT  Feldman MW  Thomas G  Dausset J  Cavalli-Sforza LL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,296(5566):261-262

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Tidally controlled stick-slip discharge of a West Antarctic ice     

Bindschadler RA  King MA  Alley RB  Anandakrishnan S  Padman L 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,301(5636):1087-1089

A major West Antarctic ice stream discharges by sudden and brief periods of very rapid motion paced by oceanic tidal oscillations of about 1 meter. Acceleration to speeds greater than 1 meter per hour and deceleration back to a stationary state occur in minutes or less. Slip propagates at approximately 88 meters per second, suggestive of a shear wave traveling within the subglacial till. A model of an episodically slipping friction-locked fault reproduces the observed quasi-periodic event timing, demonstrating an ice stream's ability to change speed rapidly and its extreme sensitivity to subglacial conditions and variations in sea level.  相似文献   

Orchestration of the DNA-damage response by the RNF8 ubiquitin ligase     

Kolas NK  Chapman JR  Nakada S  Ylanko J  Chahwan R  Sweeney FD  Panier S  Mendez M  Wildenhain J  Thomson TM  Pelletier L  Jackson SP  Durocher D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5856):1637-1640

Cells respond to DNA double-strand breaks by recruiting factors such as the DNA-damage mediator protein MDC1, the p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1), and the breast cancer susceptibility protein BRCA1 to sites of damaged DNA. Here, we reveal that the ubiquitin ligase RNF8 mediates ubiquitin conjugation and 53BP1 and BRCA1 focal accumulation at sites of DNA lesions. Moreover, we establish that MDC1 recruits RNF8 through phosphodependent interactions between the RNF8 forkhead-associated domain and motifs in MDC1 that are phosphorylated by the DNA-damage activated protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM). We also show that depletion of the E2 enzyme UBC13 impairs 53BP1 recruitment to sites of damage, which suggests that it cooperates with RNF8. Finally, we reveal that RNF8 promotes the G2/M DNA damage checkpoint and resistance to ionizing radiation. These results demonstrate how the DNA-damage response is orchestrated by ATM-dependent phosphorylation of MDC1 and RNF8-mediated ubiquitination.  相似文献   

The International Space Station at risk     

Young LR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,296(5567):429

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A comprehensive survey of the Plasmodium life cycle by genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses     

Hall N  Karras M  Raine JD  Carlton JM  Kooij TW  Berriman M  Florens L  Janssen CS  Pain A  Christophides GK  James K  Rutherford K  Harris B  Harris D  Churcher C  Quail MA  Ormond D  Doggett J  Trueman HE  Mendoza J  Bidwell SL  Rajandream MA  Carucci DJ  Yates JR  Kafatos FC  Janse CJ  Barrell B  Turner CM  Waters AP  Sinden RE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,307(5706):82-86

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Tests for the depolymerization of polyacrylamides as a potential source of acrylamide in heated foods     

Ahn JS  Castle L 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(23):6715-6718

This study was conducted to test the possibility that polyacrylamides used in agriculture may contribute to acrylamide formation in heated foods by thermal depolymerization. Two samples of polyacrylamide with low molecular weights of 1.5 and 10 kDa were used to test for in-chain and end-chain depolymerization. They were added as aqueous solutions to filter paper for heating in a drying/dry environment and added to a cooking oil for heating in a fatty environment. The heating conditions were 175 degrees C for 15 and 30 min, respectively. Both regimens were tested in the absence and presence of the redox-active metal ions Fe(III) and Cu(II), and all tests were conducted without the exclusion of atmospheric oxygen. There was no evidence of any significant depolymerization of polyacrylamide to free acrylamide monomer, <0.04%. In fact, residual levels of acrylamide present already in the low molecular weight polymers were seen to fall by 50-80% on heating. Consequently, it is concluded that even if polyacrylamides were to contaminate agricultural crops and foods derived therefrom (which itself is an unproven suggestion), there is no evidence that the polymers would depolymerize on heating of the food to form acrylamide in any significant amount.  相似文献