A national programme for mastitis control in Australia: Countdown Downunder     

PB Brightling  RD Dyson  AF Hope  J Penry 《Irish veterinary journal》2009,62(Z4):S52

In 1998, Countdown Downunder, Australia's national mastitis and cell count control programme, was created. With funding from the country's leading dairy organisation, Dairy Australia, this programme was originally intended to run for three years but is now in its tenth year. As it was the first time Australia had attempted a national approach to mastitis control on the farm, the first three years of the programme were largely concerned with the development of resources to be used by farmers and service providers. The second three years were devoted to training with both groups. Since that time, Countdown Downunder has entered into a second resource development phase. The goal of the programme was to achieve a reduction in the bulk milk somatic cell count from the Australian dairy herd. To achieve this, the programme had to develop resources with clear and consistent messages around mastitis and somatic cell count control on farms. It was determined that progress toward the goals would be made more rapidly if service providers were trained in the use of these resources prior to farmers. This paper reviews the Countdown Downunder programme from 1998 to 2007.  相似文献   

The establishment of systemic infection in leaves of oilseed rape by Leptosphaeria maculans   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  

KIM E. HAMMOND  B. G. LEWIS 《Plant pathology》1987,36(2):135-147

In a series of growth room experiments in which leaves of Brassica napus var. oleifera were inoculated with ascospores or pycnidiospores of Leptosphaeria maculans successful infections progressed through three consecutive phases. Initial establishment in the mesophyll was succeeded by a phase of intercellular exploration, when hyphal proliferation was highly variable and host cell necrosis always ensued, and then by a systemic phase when hyphae were consistently sparse. Host cells associated with the hyphal front were capable of autofluorescence, accumulation of vital stains and plasmolysis, indicating that they were viable and that the pathogen was biotrophic throughout this sequence. During either of the first two phases permanent fungistatic containment, involving the formation of vesicles by disintegration of the hyphae, often occurred. Localization at the first phase was symptomless; at the second it was signified by a lesion with a clearly defined margin.
There was a negative correlation between biotrophic potential and necrotrophic potential of three pathogenic isolates, on both the moderately susceptible cultivar Primor and the resistant cultivar Jet Neuf. As leaves aged, a progressively larger proportion of infections failed to become systemic. With increasing inoculum load, symptomless localization of infection diminished, the phase of necrosis extended, and the probability of irreversible systemic development increased.  相似文献   

The timing and sequence of events leading to stem canker disease in populations of Brassica napus var. oleifera in the field     

KIM E. HAMMOND  B. G. LEWIS 《Plant pathology》1986,35(4):551-564

Natural epidemics of Leptosphaeria maculans in cultivated populations of Brassica napus var. oleifera were predominantly monocyclic, involving a sequence of five phases; latent infection of the lamina, leaf lesion expression, symptomless systemic growth down the petiole, latent infection of the stem, and stem canker development. This sequence potentially terminated in severe stem cankers if initiated from ascospore infection of any leaf between a plastochron index of PI = n + 0.5 and n +1.0 until plant growth stage 3.1 of the Harper & Berkenkamp scale. At PI < n + 0.5, infection was rare and at PI > n + 1.0, the infection sequence was usually terminated by leaf abscission. Differential effects of ambient temperature on the rates of progress of infection and leaf development determined whether abscission occurred before infection reached the stem. Based on these interrelationships, a system for predicting the incidence of severe stem cankers is proposed.  相似文献   

The efficacy of bovoflavin salve in the experimental treatment of trichomoniasis in bulls     

HAMMOND DM  FITZGERALD PR  BINNS W  MINER ML 《The Cornell veterinarian》1953,43(1):121-127

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Experimental infections of the bovine genital system with trichomonads from the digestive tracts of swine     

FITZGERALD PR  JOHNSON AE  THORNE JL  HAMMOND DM 《American journal of veterinary research》1958,19(73):775-779

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Dose-sparing effects of romifidine premedication for thiopentone and halothane anaesthesia in the dog   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

G. C. W. ENGLAND  R. HAMMOND 《The Journal of small animal practice》1997,38(4):141-146

Two intravenous doses of romifldine (40 and 80 μg/kg) and a placebo were compared as premedicants for anaesthesia induced with thiopentone and maintained using halothane in oxygen. Romifldine significantly and linearly reduced the induction dose of thiopentone; placebo-treated dogs required 15.1 ± 3.6 mg/kg, while dogs treated with 40 μg/kg and 80 μg/kg romifldine required 6.5 ± 1.6 and 3.9 ± 0.3 mg/kg thiopentone, respectively.
Romlfldine also significantly and linearly reduced the end tidal halothane concentration necessary to maintain a predetermined level of anaesthesia; piacebetreated dogs required 1.6 ± 0.3 per cent halothane, while dogs treated with 40 μg/kg and 80 μg/kg romifldine required 1.3 ± 0.4 and 0–8 ± 0.2 per cent, respectively.
Romifldine produced a significant shortening In the recovery from anaesthesia, and the higher dose of romlfldine significantly improved the overall quality of anaesthesia.  相似文献   

A systemic pathway in the infection of oilseed rape plants by Leptosphaeria maculans   总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6  

KIM E. HAMMOND  B. G. LEWIS  T. M. MUSA 《Plant pathology》1985,34(4):557-565

In growth room regimes arranged to simulate field conditions which coincide with natural infection of oilseed rape by Leptosphaeria maculans , leaf inoculation resulted in systemic infection. After colonizing intercellular spaces in the spongy mesophyll of the lamina, the fungus reached a vascular strand and spread down the petiole mainly in xylem vessels or between cells of the xylem parenchyma and cortex, eventually invading and killing cells of the stem cortex and causing the stem canker symptom. The intercellular systemic phase of growth, which was biotrophic and virtually sytnptomless, occurred under a wide range of temperatures.  相似文献