Applied aspects of neonicotinoid uses in crop protection   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Elbert A  Haas M  Springer B  Thielert W  Nauen R 《Pest management science》2008,64(11):1099-1105

Neonicotinoid insecticides comprise seven commercially marketed active ingredients: imidacloprid, acetamiprid, nitenpyram, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid, clothianidin and dinotefuran. The technical profiles and main differences between neonicotinoid insecticides, including their spectrum of efficacy, are described: use for vector control, systemic properties and versatile application forms, especially seed treatment. New formulations have been developed to optimize the bioavailability of neonicotinoids through improved rain fastness, better retention and spreading of the spray deposit on the leaf surface, combined with higher leaf penetration. Combined formulations with pyrethroids and other insecticides are also being developed with the aim of broadening the insecticidal spectrum of neonicotinoids and to replace WHO Class I products from older chemical classes. These innovative developments for life-cycle management, jointly with the introduction of generic products, will, within the next few years, turn neonicotinoids into the most important chemical class in crop protection.  相似文献   

有机农业对农村经济发展促进作用浅析——以新疆伊吾县有机农业发展为例   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘瑞峰  陈彤  Rainer Haas 《农业考古》2008,(3)

有机农业是当今世界农业日益商品化、市场化、社会化的必然选择,也是促进我国农业结构战略调整的重要途径之一.本文以新疆伊吾县有机农业发展为例,分析了有机农业对新疆的促进作用.最后,提出了加快有机农业发展的对策和建议.  相似文献   

Selection and orchard testing of antagonists suppressing conidial production by the apple scab pathogen <Emphasis Type="Italic">Venturia inaequalis</Emphasis>     

Jürgen J. Köhl  Wilma W. M. L. Molhoek  Belia B. H. Groenenboom-de Haas  Helen H. M. Goossen-van de Geijn 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,123(4):401-414

Apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis is a major disease in apple production. Epidemics in spring are initiated by ascospores produced on overwintering leaves whereas epidemics during summer are driven by conidia produced on apple leaves by biotrophic mycelium. Fungal colonisers of sporulating colonies of V. inaequalis were isolated and their potential to reduce the production of conidia of V. inaequalis was evaluated on apple seedlings under controlled conditions. The four most effective isolates of the 63 screened isolates were tested subsequently under Dutch orchard conditions in 2006. Repeated applications of conidial suspensions of Cladosporium cladosporioides H39 resulted in an average reduction of conidial production by V. inaequalis of approximately 40%. In 2007, applications of conidial suspensions of C. cladosporioides H39 reduced conidial production by V. inaequalis by 69% on August 6 and by 51% on August 16, but no effect was found on August 20. However, viability of available conidia of C. cladosporioides H39 was low at the end of the experiment. Epiphytic and endophytic colonisation by Cladosporium spp. of leaves treated during the experiment with C. cladosporioides H39 was significantly higher than on control leaves sampled 6 weeks after the last application. It is concluded that C. cladosporioides H39 has promising potential as a biological control agent for apple scab control. More information is needed on the effect of C. cladosporioides H39 on apple scab epidemics as well as on mass production, formulation and shelf life of conidia of the antagonist.  相似文献   

Using mixed stock analysis to assess source populations for at‐sea bycaught juvenile and adult loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) in the north‐west Atlantic     

Kelly R. Stewart  Erin L. LaCasella  Michael P. Jensen  Sheryan P. Epperly  Heather L. Haas  Lesley W. Stokes  Peter H. Dutton 《Fish and Fisheries》2019,20(2):239-254

Assessments of fisheries by‐catch on marine megafauna are important for developing effective management strategies. For sea turtles, impacts may be evident in nesting population trends, but generally only after a lag, as turtles are slow to mature. We examined 850 loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) by‐catch samples collected over 14 years throughout the western North Atlantic to identify source nesting populations. We identified proportions of turtles from 19 distinct management units (MUs), using mitochondrial DNA and mixed stock analysis, considering population size. We found a significant split in the distribution of small versus large loggerheads to the north and south of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (latitude 35°N). North of Cape Hatteras, large turtles came from south‐east Florida (SEFL; 44% ± 15%) and the northern United States (33% ± 16%) MUs, while south of Cape Hatteras, the major contributors were Central East Florida (52% ± 20%) and south‐east Florida (SEFL; 41% ± 20%). Small turtles in the north came from Central East Florida (64% ± 14%), and in the south, south‐east Florida had the highest representation (56% ± 25%). There was little contribution from Mediterranean and Cape Verde populations, indicating low risk from western North Atlantic by‐catch to MUs in the Mediterranean. Understanding where threats may impact source populations is important, particularly for larger size turtles, as these individuals have the highest reproductive value. These findings allow more informed threat assessments to be conducted for loggerhead turtles considering spatial and demographic structure.  相似文献   

Biotin-Streptavidin Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Detection of Antibodies to Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in Chickens     

B. Haas  K.H. Hinz  G. Glünder 《Zoonoses and public health》1999,46(3):163-172

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed in a homologous system with bacterial ultrasonic-treated proteins as the antigen and antisera from chickens infected orally and subcutaneously with the strain Campylobacter jejuni serovar 6 (CJ 6). The cut-off level was determined using antisera from non-infected specific-pathogen-free chickens up to the age of 10 weeks. The suitability of the ELISA system was verified using antisera taken from chickens orally infected at the age of 4 weeks with CJ 1, 6, 28 or 36 or with Campylobacter coli serovar 28 (CC 28). The development of antibodies was monitored up to 6 weeks post-infection (p.i.). Sera from chickens infected with CJ 1, 6, 36 or CC 28 contained specific antibodies to Campylobacter, whereas in those infected with CJ 28 no specific antibodies were found. Distinct cross-reactions were observed between CJ 6, 28 and CC 28 antigens and their antisera 6 weeks p.i., while poor cross-reactions were found with antisera to CJ 1 and 28. Antibodies to strains of all heterologous serovars were successfully detected with an antigen pool comprised of CJ 1, 6 and 36 antigens. In 11 out of the 12 field sera obtained from 5- and 9-week-old broiler chickens suffering from campylobacteriosis, high specific antibody titres to Campylobacter jejuni were found.  相似文献   

Developing a typology for local cattle breed farmers in Europe     

K. Soini  C. Diaz  G. Gandini  Y. de Haas  T. Lilja  D. Martin‐Collado  F. Pizzi  EURECA – consortium  S. J. Hiemstra 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2012,129(6):436-447

Recognizing cultural diversity among local breed farmers is crucial for the successful development and implementation of farm animal genetic resources FAnGr conservation policies and programmes. In this study based on survey data collected in the EUropean REgional CAttle breeds project from six European countries, a typology of local breed farmers was designed and profiles for each of the farmer types were developed to assist these policy needs. Three main farmer types were constructed: production‐oriented, product and service‐oriented and hobby‐oriented farmers. In addition, seven subtypes were characterized under the main types: sustainable producers, opportunists, multi‐users, brand makers, traditionalists, pragmatists and newcomers. These types have many similarities to the ‘productivist’, ‘multifunctional’ and ‘post‐productivist’ farmer types. The typology not only reveals the high level of diversity among local cattle breed farmers in Europe, which presents an opportunity for the in situ conservation of animal genetic resources, but also a challenge for policy to meet the differing requirements of the farmer types.  相似文献   

Evaluation of trends in marijuana toxicosis in dogs living in a state with legalized medical marijuana: 125 dogs (2005–2010)     

Stacy D. Meola DVM  MS  Caitlin C. Tearney DVM  Sharlee A. Haas DVM  MS  Timothy B. Hackett DVM  MS  DACVECC  Elisa M. Mazzaferro MS  DVM  PhD  DACVECC 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2012,22(6):690-696

  相似文献   

Long-term effects of experimental forest harvesting on abundance and reproductive demography of terrestrial salamanders     

Jessica A. Homyack  Carola A. Haas 《Biological conservation》2009,142(1):110-2353

Both observational and experimental studies have documented drastic reductions in salamanders after forest harvesting. Yet, the amount of time until salamander populations rebound and the factors limiting recovery after harvesting are unknown. We compared the effects of six oak regeneration practices to a control, representing a disturbance gradient from no treatment to silvicultural clearcut, on the relative abundance and reproductive demography of terrestrial salamanders through 13-years post-harvest. Following the experimental disturbance, relative abundance of terrestrial salamanders in treatments that opened the canopy were significantly and persistently lower than in either untreated control stands or midstory herbicide treatments. In general, this trend persisted through 9-13 years after treatment. Changes to demography of commonly captured salamanders varied by species, but Plethodon cinereus had a greater proportion of juveniles in unharvested treatments 7-13-years post-harvest, and Desmognathus ochrophaeus had a greater proportion of juveniles and a greater number of eggs/female in unharvested treatments 1-6-years post-harvest. Population modeling of P. cinereus indicated that adult survival had the greatest elasticity of the vital rates. Further, >60 years may be needed before P. cinereus reduced by the observed decline could reach pre-harvest levels of abundance. Of the treatments with canopy disturbance, the group selection harvest had the greatest abundances of salamanders 7-13-years post-harvest, but when coupled with future stand entries, the volume of wood fiber extracted, costs of harvesting, reduced sprouting of oaks, and soil disturbances, this method may not have the best balance of ecological and economic sustainability in central Appalachian hardwood forest.  相似文献   

Population Dynamics of Fusarium spp. and Microdochium nivale in Crops and Crop Residues of Winter Wheat     

Köhl J  de Haas BH  Kastelein P  Burgers SL  Waalwijk C 《Phytopathology》2007,97(8):971-978

ABSTRACT Naturally occurring populations of Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. poae, and Microdochium nivale were studied in two field experiments from anthesis in June 2003 until harvest in crops of winter wheat, and subsequently during 10 months after harvest until June 2004 on their residues exposed on the soil surface under field conditions. The dynamics of the different pathogens were estimated by quantifying the amount of DNA present in wheat tissues using TaqMan-polymerase chain reaction. While colonization of grain by Fusarium spp. and M. nivale was low, high amounts of DNA of F. avenaceum, F. graminearum, and F. culmorum were found in ear residues, internodes, and nodes of the mature crop. Amounts of DNA of pathogens decreased significantly during the following 10 months in residues of internodes and nodes, but not in residues of stem bases. Knowledge on population dynamics of pathogens will help to develop preventive measures aimed at reduction of inoculum sources of head blight pathogens.  相似文献   

Preliminary determination of limiting nutrients for standard plate count organisms in Chicago intake water     

Charles N. Haas  Paul Bitter  Peter A. Scheff 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1988,37(1-2):65-72

Previous studies on the factors associated with increased bacterial populations in water intakes and finished potable waters have been inconclusive. In the present study, a multi-factorial design was developed to determine the nutrients which could increase standard plate count densities in the Lake Michigan intake water for the City of Chicago. Carbon, Fe, nitrate, ammonia, and phosphate were considered as possible limiting nutrients. On the basis of this study, P emerged as the primary limiting nutrient with respect to both yield of microorganisms, and growth rate.  相似文献