Soyasaponins resist extrusion cooking and are not degraded during gut passage in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)     

Knudsen D  Røn Ø  Baardsen G  Smedsgaard J  Koppe W  Frøkiaer H 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(17):6428-6435

The stability of soyasaponins in fish feed formulations was investigated. The level of soyasaponin Ab, Bb, Bc, Ba-2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (Ba-DDMP), Bb-DDMP, and Bc-DDMP was quantified in 15 samples of defatted soybean meal, two full fat soybean meals, and two soybean protein concentrates by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The total level of saponins in the 15 samples of commercial defatted soybean meal ranged from 4.8-6.8 micromol/g (5.1-7.0 g/kg). The two full fat meals contained 4.4 and 4.7 micromol/g whereas no saponins could be detected in the alcohol-extracted soybean protein concentrates. Fifteen batches of fish feed containing 20% defatted soybean meal were produced by twin-screw extrusion from the 15 different samples of defatted soybean meal. Extrusion did not reduce the total level of group B saponins, but the ratio between DDMP-conjugated group B saponins and non-DDMP-conjugated group B saponins was slightly reduced. A soybean-containing diet was fed to seawater adapted Atlantic salmon for 9 weeks. Yttrium oxide was included in the feed as an inert marker in order to estimate the disappearance of saponins during gut passage. High levels of intact non-DDMP-conjugated group B soyasaponins were found in feces whereas only low levels of DDMP-conjugated saponins could be detected. The overall disappearance of saponins was close to zero, and the concentration of intact saponins in dry feces reached levels several fold higher than dietary levels. The present work demonstrates that non-DDMP-conjugated group B soyasaponins resist extrusion cooking and remain intact during gut passage in Atlantic salmon. The latter is contrary to earlier findings in endothermic animals.  相似文献   

A review of immunologic diseases of the dog.     

N C Pedersen 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》1999,69(2-4):251-342

The following review is based on notes used in the teaching of clinical immunology to veterinary students. Immune diseases of the dog are placed into six different categories: (1) type I or allergic conditions; (2) type II or auto- and allo-antibody diseases; (3) type III or immune complex disorders; (4) type IV or cell-mediated immune diseases; (5) type V conditions or gammopathies; and (6) type VI or immunodeficiency disorders. Separate discussions of transplantation immunology and the use of drugs to regulate unwanted immune responses are also included.  相似文献   

Electrical stunning of farmed Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L.: a comparison of an industrial and experimental method     

Hanne Digre  Ulf Erikson  Ekrem Misimi  Bert Lambooij  Hans Van De Vis 《Aquaculture Research》2010,41(8):1190-1202

An industrial and experimental electrical method for stunning farmed Atlantic cod in air and seawater (SW), respectively, were compared. The impacts of sedation with AQUI‐S^? and exercise to exhaustion before electrical stunning were also assessed to monitor the possible depletion of rested muscle energy levels by electrical stunning. Stress (blood glucose, haematocrit, muscle pH, muscle excitability, high‐energy phosphates and rigor mortis) and flesh quality (fillet texture, colour, liquid leakage (LL), gaping, residual blood and K‐value) were assessed. For the industrial stunning method, an average of 41 V, 0.2 A dc was applied to individual cod for 18–27 s. For the SW method, a bipolar square wave current (170 Hz, 33% duty cycle) was applied for 5 s. After stunning, recovery was prevented by exsanguination in chilled SW. There were no differences (P>0.05) between the two stunning methods except for a higher ultimate fillet pH for cod stunned in air 8 days postmortem. Exercise before stunning depleted muscle energy levels at slaughter, increased LL and fillets had redder and darker flesh after storage on ice for 8 days. Electrical stunning (in air) of AQUI‐S^?‐treated fish partly depleted muscle energy levels (pH 7.3, ATP 18.7 μmol g^?1, PCr 70.1 μmol g^?1). However, flesh quality was not affected. Unless pre‐rigor filleting is the chosen processing strategy, electrical stunning of cod seems to be a promising stunning method.  相似文献   

Comparison of the Distribution and Occurrence of Fusarium graminearum and Deoxynivalenol in Hard Red Winter Wheat for 1993-1996     

D. M. Trigo-Stockli  R. I. Sanchez-Mariez  M. O. Cortez-Rocha  J. R. Pedersen 《Cereal Chemistry》1998,75(6):841-846

Hard red winter wheat samples collected from different locations in Kansas from the 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996 harvests were plated to determine Fusarium graminearum infection and analyzed for deoxynivalenol by thin-layer and gas chromatography. Rainfall, temperature, and cultivar were important factors affecting the severity of F. graminearum infection as well as deoxynivalenol production. The 1993 and 1995 growing seasons had high percentages of samples infected with F. graminearum and contaminated with deoxynivalenol. Averaged over the four years, cultivars 2163 and Karl had significantly higher levels of infection than did TAM 107. These widely grown cultivars were used in comparison. Northeastern Kansas had the highest levels of F. graminearum infection and deoxynivalenol contamination but also had the lowest acreage planted to hard red winter wheat.  相似文献