Signatures of adaptation to obligate biotrophy in the Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis genome   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Baxter L  Tripathy S  Ishaque N  Boot N  Cabral A  Kemen E  Thines M  Ah-Fong A  Anderson R  Badejoko W  Bittner-Eddy P  Boore JL  Chibucos MC  Coates M  Dehal P  Delehaunty K  Dong S  Downton P  Dumas B  Fabro G  Fronick C  Fuerstenberg SI  Fulton L  Gaulin E  Govers F  Hughes L  Humphray S  Jiang RH  Judelson H  Kamoun S  Kyung K  Meijer H  Minx P  Morris P  Nelson J  Phuntumart V  Qutob D  Rehmany A  Rougon-Cardoso A  Ryden P  Torto-Alalibo T  Studholme D  Wang Y  Win J  Wood J  Clifton SW  Rogers J  Van den Ackerveken G  Jones JD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6010):1549-1551

Many oomycete and fungal plant pathogens are obligate biotrophs, which extract nutrients only from living plant tissue and cannot grow apart from their hosts. Although these pathogens cause substantial crop losses, little is known about the molecular basis or evolution of obligate biotrophy. Here, we report the genome sequence of the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa), an obligate biotroph and natural pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana. In comparison with genomes of related, hemibiotrophic Phytophthora species, the Hpa genome exhibits dramatic reductions in genes encoding (i) RXLR effectors and other secreted pathogenicity proteins, (ii) enzymes for assimilation of inorganic nitrogen and sulfur, and (iii) proteins associated with zoospore formation and motility. These attributes comprise a genomic signature of evolution toward obligate biotrophy.  相似文献   

What is your diagnosis? Discrepancy in platelet counts determined using a Sysmex XT‐2000 iV hematology analyzer     

Harold Tvedten 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2010,39(3):395-396

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Integrated Control of the Codling Moth     

Harold F. Madsen 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(4):417-420

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Stilbene levels in grape cane of different cultivars in southern Chile: determination by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS method     

Vergara C  von Baer D  Mardones C  Wilkens A  Wernekinck K  Damm A  Macke S  Gorena T  Winterhalter P 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(4):929-933

Health benefits of trans-resveratrol and other stilbenes in grapes, must, and wine have been pointed out by numerous authors. Less attention has been paid to the presence of stilbene derivatives in viticultural residues, such as grape canes. The present work reports the first results of a systematic study of stilbene levels in different grape varieties and cultivation areas in Chile, to evaluate their potential as an alternative source of bioactive stilbenes. In all cane samples, the predominant stilbene is trans-resveratrol, followed by ε-viniferin and piceatannol. In canes of Pinot noir up to 5590 ± 172 mg kg(-1) of trans-resveratrol and up to 6915 ± 175 mg kg(-1) of total stilbenes were detected. The observed concentrations of stilbenes in canes of Pinot noir from southern Chile until now are higher than those reported previously for this red variety. However, the highest concentration of total stilbenes observed in the analyzed samples was in the canes of white variety Gewürztraminer with 7857 ± 498 mg kg(-1). Preliminary results indicate that these levels can evolve if canes are left for some months on the vineyard after pruning, observing an increase during the first 2 months and a decrease after this period.  相似文献   

The estimation of ‘available lysine’ in human foods by three chemical procedures     

Kenneth J. Carpenter  Frederick H. Steinke  George L. Catignani  Harold E. Swaisgood  M. C. Allerd  J. L. MacDonald  Marc Schelstraete 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1989,39(1):129-135

Seventeen test foods were each analyzed by four methods. Total lysine was measured by conventional amino acid analysis. Reactive lysine was measured with either fluorodinitrobenzene, o-phthalaldehyde or a differential dye-binding procedure. The results were then compared with another group's results from rat growth assays of the same samples for availably lysine. A sample of deliberately heat-damaged milk powder gave a rat assay value corresponding to 64% of its total lysine content; other values were all higher and on average 99% for 7 animal products, and 87% for 9 vegetable products. The correlation coefficient between the two sets of values was 0.95. The reactive lysine procedures failed to give a better prediction of the rat values.  相似文献   

Efficacy of Hyperimmunized Plasma in the Treatment of Horses with Acute Colitis     

Rachel P. Atherton  Martin O. Furr  Harold C. McKenzie  Anne M. Desrochers 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2011,31(1):19-25

Colitis in the adult horse is a life-threatening clinical condition that can be caused by any of several enteric pathogens. This study was conducted to determine whether treating horses with plasma obtained from donors that were hyperimmunized against the common equine diarrheal pathogens Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, and Salmonella sp shortens the duration of diarrhea in acute colitis. To evaluate the efficacy of plasma treatment, 42 horses with acute onset of diarrhea were studied. Horses were enrolled if they were of age >1 year, duration of diarrhea at presentation was <72 hours, and they had not received equine plasma within the last 3 months. In addition, the serum cortisol concentrations of horses with acute diarrhea were studied.Horses were randomized to receive hyperimmunized plasma, control plasma (collected from nonimmunized horses), or no plasma therapy. Clinical parameters and fecal consistency were observed until resolution, discharge, or death, and complete blood counts (CBCs) and biochemical profiles were collected throughout the study. A total of 38 horses completed the study. The mean duration of diarrhea was 40.7 ± 9.8 (mean ± SEM) hours, 119.2 ± 56.1 hours, and 72.0 ± 24.5 hours for the hyperimmunized plasma, normal plasma (NP), and control groups, respectively. Using survival analysis techniques, this difference did not achieve statistical significance (P = .374). Serum cortisol was found to be increased in all horses at presentation and to decrease with time in all treatment groups. There was no difference in cortisol concentrations between the three treatment groups studied (P = .237).  相似文献   

A novel haemoplasma species identified in archived primate blood smears     

Barker EN  Helps CR  Neimark H  Peters IR  Peters W  Tasker S 《Veterinary microbiology》2011,149(3-4):478-481

In order to confirm a microscopic diagnosis of 'eperythrozoonosis' made over 40 years ago in a captive owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus), DNA was extracted from archived fixed and stained blood smears and subjected to generic haemotropic mycoplasma (haemoplasma) quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and a human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase qPCR as an amplification control. The qPCRs confirmed the extraction of host DNA from the samples and the presence of a haemoplasma species. Partial 16S rRNA and ribonuclease P ribosomal gene fragments were amplified by PCR, cloned and sequenced. Sequence data and phylogeny showed the owl monkey haemoplasma to lie in the haemominutum clade of haemoplasmas, most closely related to 'Candidatus Mycoplasma kahaneii'. This study confirms the use of generic haemoplasma qPCRs to successfully amplify haemoplasma DNA from fixed, stained and archived blood smears from the early 1970s and provides molecular confirmation of the existence of a novel haemoplasma species in an owl monkey, for which the name 'Candidatus Mycoplasma aoti' sp. nov. is proposed.  相似文献   

Factors associated with the risk of positive blood culture in neonatal foals presented to a referral center (2000-2014)     

Martin Furr  Harold McKenzie III 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2020,34(6):2738-2750

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Evaluation of aluminum tolerance of three barley cultivars by two short-term screening methods and field experiments     

Felipe Gallardo  Fernando Borie  Marysol Alvear  Erik von Baer 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):713-719

Productivity of cereal crops growing in acid soils of Southern Chile have adversely being affected by acidification and aluminum phytotoxicity. For overcoming such constraints, farmers need to apply heavy amounts of lime and/or use AI-tolerant plants especially with AI-sensitive crops, as barley is. The objectives of this study were to determine the degree of Al tolerance of . three barley cultivars commonly grown in volcanic soils by using two shortterm screening methods and to relate their rankings with field experiments. Additionally, the amounts of citric and malic acids exuded from roots were determined for studying the mechanism involved in Al tolerance. Relative root length (RRL) was the criterion used to evaluate Al tolerance both in nutrient solution and in soil-based culture and yield for field experiments. Results showed a close relationship between the RRL values obtained with the three barley cultivars by applying the two short-term screening methods. Barley yields obtained in field experiments carried out in two soils differing in Al contents agreed well with the ranking observed in the laboratory suggesting that the short-term screening methods could be a useful tool for knowing Al tolerance of cereals habitually cropped in our acidic volcanic soils. Citric and malic acids were detected mainly in the exudates from the most AI-tolerant barley which could indicate a chelation mechanism implied in such a tolerance.  相似文献   

Variability in responses of US-8 and US-11 genotypes of potato and tomato isolates ofPhytophthora infestans to commercial fungicidesin vitro     

Fouad Daayf  Harold W. Platt 《American Journal of Potato Research》2002,79(6):433-441

Isolates ofPhytophthora infestans collected in Canada from potato and tomato plants from 1994 to 1998 were tested for their responsein vitro to equal active ingredient concentrations (1, 2.5, and 5 μg a.i/mL) of six commercial fungicides: Acrobat MZ (dimethomorph and mancozeb), Ridomil Gold (metalaxyl-m), Dithane (mancozeb), Curzate (cymoxanil), Bravo (chlorothalonil), and Tattoo C (propamocarb and chlorothalonil). Relative mycelial growth of isolates estimated on fungicideamended vs fungicide-free media was compared among isolates of the US-8 and US-11 genotypes from the two host plants. The effects of these fungicides on spore germination of isolates from the two genotypes were also estimated. Mycelial growth of US-8 and US-11 isolates was most affected by Bravo and Tattoo C, followed by Acrobat, and then Curzate and Dithane. Ridomil Gold was not effective in inhibitingin vitro growth of US-11 isolates at the concentrations tested. Variations in sensitivity to different fungicides among isolates of the same genotype collected in different years were observed. For example, based on 2.5 and 5 μg a.i./mL, potato/US-11 isolates collected from 1995 to 1997 showed increased sensitivity to Curzate and Ridomil Gold, while decreased sensitivity was recorded with Dithane. For US-8 isolates, responses to the fungicides varied according to fungicide and year. Variations were generally not significant for Acrobat, Curzate, Bravo, and Tattoo C over time. Conversely, potato/US-8 isolates from 1995 and 1998 were less sensitive to Dithane and Ridomil Gold than those from 1994, 1996, and 1997.  相似文献