Consecutive monitoring for conidiogenesis by Oidium neolycopersici on tomato leaves with a high-fidelity digital microscope     

Wataru Oichi  Yoshinori Matsuda  Takeshi Sameshima  Teruo Nonomura  Koji Kakutani  Hiroaki Nishimura  Shin-ichi Kusakari  Hideyoshi Toyoda 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2004,70(6):329-332

Conidiogenesis by Oidium neolycopersici KTP-01 on tomato leaves was vitally monitored with a high-fidelity digital microscope. Conidiophores were initially formed 3 days after inoculation and then elongated to a maximum length within at least 12h. The apical part was split into two cells after two successive septations, accompanied by apical expansion. These cells subsequently developed into primary and secondary conidia. An additional septation at the stem portion of the conidiophores produced a generative and a foot cell. Subsequent conidiation occurred during repeated cycles of splitting of the generative cell, maturation of the apical cell into a conidium, and abstriction of the conidium. To our knowledge, this report is the first on the developmental process of conidiogenesis by powdery mildew on host leaves as revealed with the digital microscope.  相似文献   

Development of an efficient method for recovery of Puumala and Puumala-related viruses by inoculation of Mongolian gerbils     

Lokugamage N  Kariwa H  Lokugamage K  Hagiya T  Miyamoto H  Iwasa MA  Araki K  Yoshimatsu K  Arikawa J  Mizutani T  Takashima I 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2003,65(11):1189-1194

Puumala (PUU) virus and PUU-related viruses are difficult to isolate in cell culture. To determine whether animal inoculation would be a better alternative for virus recovery, the Sotkamo strain of PUU virus was inoculated into several animal species. Newborn Mongolian gerbils (MGs), mice, and rats were infected with the Sotkamo strain by intracerebral (ic), intraperitoneal (ip), and subcutaneous (sc) inoculation. Antibodies to PUU appeared in MGs at 30 days post-infection (dpi), and in mice and rats at 15 dpi. Interestingly, virus appeared at 7 dpi in lung and brain of MGs inoculated via ic and ip routes. Virus was detected in all tested tissues of MGs at 15 dpi, with a peak level of 1.36 x 10 (5) focus forming units (FFU)/g in brain tissue. The virus titer declined with the onset of the antibody response and became undetectable by 75 dpi, when the antibody titer reached the maximum level. The appearance of the virus in mice and rats was delayed as compared to MGs, and the virus titer was apparently lower, at approximately 4 to 8 x 10(3) FFU/g, at 15 dpi. In addition, lung homogenates of antibody-positive Clethrionomys (C.) rufocanus (captured in Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan) were inoculated into MGs by the ic route. PUU-related viral RNA was detected at 16 dpi in the brains of MG inoculated with the lung homogenate, and antibodies were detected at 45 dpi. These findings indicate that newborn MG inoculation is an efficient method to recover PUU and PUU-related viruses.  相似文献   

Inhibition of growth hormone secretagogue receptor antagonist, [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6, in adipogenesis of ovine and rat adipocytes     

Sang-gun ROH  Yeon-hee HONG  Daisuke HISHIKAWA  Hiroaki TSUZUKI  Hisae MIYAHARA  Yukihiko NISHIMURA  Chizu GOTO  Yasuki SUZUKI  Ki-choon CHOI  Hong-gu LEE  Shinichi SASAKI 《Animal Science Journal》2005,76(4):381-386

Ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogues receptor (GHS‐R or ghrelin receptor) have been reported as being one of the factors of adipogenesis in adipocytes. To investigate the involvement of ghrelin and GHS‐R in adipocytes, the effect of the GHS‐R antagonist, [D‐Lys‐3]‐GHRP‐6 (His‐D‐Trp‐D‐Lys‐Trp‐D‐Phe‐Lys‐NH₂), on the process of adipogenesis in ovine and rat adipocytes was evaluated. [D‐Lys‐3]‐GHRP‐6 (10^?7 mol/L) significantly inhibited adipogenic differentiation of ovine and rat preadipocytes prepared from adipose tissues. The level of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)‐γ2 mRNA, an adipogenic marker, was decreased during the differentiation of adipocytes treated with [D‐Lys‐3]‐GHRP‐6 for 10 days. Ghrelin stimulated adipogenesis, also causing an increment of glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase and upregulation of PPAR‐γ2. Furthermore, the antilipolytic effect of ghrelin was attenuated by treatment with [D‐Lys‐3]‐GHRP‐6 in both types of isolated adipocytes. Overall, the results of the present study highlight that GHS‐R in adipogenesis can be blocked by treatment with [D‐Lys‐3]‐GHRP‐6.  相似文献   

Colonization by two isolates of Plasmodiophora brassicae with differing pathogenicity on a clubroot-resistant cultivar of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis)     

Shuhei Tanaka  Hiroaki Mido  Shin-ichi Ito 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2006,72(4):205-209

A commercial clubroot-resistant F₁ cultivar of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis), Kukai 70, is resistant to an isolate of populations of Plasmodiophora brassicae from Hagi (HG) city and is susceptible to another from Yamaguchi (YMG) city. The degree and frequency of primary and secondary cycle colonization by the isolates in the root hairs and root tissues of cv. Kukai 70 were compared. Seedlings of cv. Kukai 70 were grown in soils amended with inoculum of either HG or YMG and harvested 10 days after inoculation to observe the primary cycle (number of root-hair infections) and 20, 30, and 40 days after inoculation to observe of the secondary cycle (frequency of infected cells and degree of plasmodial development based on the number of nuclei in infected cells). Although more root hairs were infected in HG than in YMG, fewer cells in root tissues including the cortex and medullary rays were infected in HG than in YMG. In addition, YMG developed plasmodia with many nuclei and formed resting spores, whereas plasmodia remained immature with a small number of nuclei in HG and did not form resting spores even by 40 days after inoculation. These results suggest that suppression of plasmodial development during secondary colonization is associated with resistance mechanisms to HG in cv. Kukai 70. Starch did not accumulate (i.e., development of amyloplasts) in HG-infected cells. This may be involved in the suppression of secondary colonization of P. brassicae in the cultivar.  相似文献   

Mutations in the acetolactate synthase genes of sulfonylurea-resistant biotypes of Lindernia spp.   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Akira Uchino  Hiroaki Watanabe 《Weed Biology and Management》2002,2(2):104-109

Acetolactate synthase (ALS) is a key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of branched-chain amino acids. A mutation of the ALS gene causing amino acid substitution at the position of proline in Domain A makes ALS less sensitive to sulfonylureas, which are ALS-inhibiting herbicides. We cloned partial ALS genes from four Lindernia plants, L . dubia var. dubia , L . dubia var. major , L . micrantha and L . procumbens , for which biotypes resistant to sulfonylureas have been found in paddy fields. The clones were classified into two groups in each Lindernia plant: Als1 and Als2 . Sequencing of the clones and alignment of deduced amino acid sequences with previously reported ALS of other species suggested that the cloned region contains an intron in both Als1 and Als2 . Comparison of Als1 between resistant and susceptible biotypes showed that the proline of Domain A was replaced by alanine, serine or glutamine in all resistant biotypes of Lindernia plants, while it was conserved in all susceptible biotypes. This amino acid substitution in ALS encoded by Als1 is involved in the resistant mechanism of ALS to sulfonylurea in the four Lindernia plants.  相似文献   

Successful introduction of modified dorsolumbar epidural anesthesia in a bovine referral center     

Miho Hiraoka  Toshiharu Miyagawa  Hayato Kobayashi  Toshihiko Takahashi  Hiroaki Kishi  Hiroshi Kobayashi  Inhyung Lee 《Journal of veterinary science (Suw?n-si, Korea)》2007,8(2):181-184

This study describes the successful use of modified dorsolumbar epidural anesthesia with a fixed volume of anesthetic in a bovine referral center. Among the 130 Holstein cattle scheduled for flank surgery, 90 cattle received a mixed anesthetic consisting of 1 ml of xylazine hydrochloride and 3 ml of lidocaine hydrochloride by modified dorsolumbar epidural anesthesia. Eighteen cattle with dehydration and/or lameness received a mixed anesthetic containing 0.5 ml of xylazine and 3 ml of lidocaine. Infiltration anesthesia was performed in 22 cattle whose epidural space could not be reached in order to perform the flank surgery. The surgeries began about 12 min after the administration of the anesthetic and lasted for about 36 min. The modified method using a fixed volume of anesthetic was successfully introduced and effectively used in a bovine referral center. This modified method will allow veterinarians to save time and effort, thus lowering the cost of each surgery.  相似文献   

Digestive enzyme activities of pancreas and intestinal digesta in streptozotocin-induced diabetic piglets   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Hitoshi MURAKAMI  Mitsuhito MATSUMOTO  Hiroaki INOUE  Yuji KAJI 《Animal Science Journal》2007,78(1):55-60

Six (Landrace × Large White) × Duroc crossbred, castrated weanling piglets were used to evaluate the effect of a streptozotocin (STZ) injection to induce diabetes on the activities of digestive enzymes derived from the pancreas (lipase, amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin) in the pancreas and intestinal digesta. Fasting plasma glucose after the administration of STZ was maintained at the level of 302–491 mg/dL during this experiment, compared with the level of 89–125 mg/dL in the control group, and they were defined as the STZ‐induced diabetic piglets for about 7 weeks. Although their bodyweight increased in proportion to a quadratic curve (P < 0.0001) during 49 days after the administration of STZ, the growth of the STZ‐induced diabetic piglets was slower compared with the control. The STZ‐injection did not affect the percentage of the pancreas in bodyweight. The administration of STZ in the piglets tended to accelerate the activity of lipase (P = 0.06) and depress the activity of amylase (P = 0.15) or chymotrypsin (P = 0.18), as units/kg bodyweight, in the pancreas. In the case of measurement as units/kg bodyweight, the activities of intestinal digesta in the STZ group showed a tendency to be higher than those in control group, irrespective of the sort of enzymes. In conclusion, STZ‐induced diabetic piglets have a moderate digestive ability and the administration of exogenous digestive enzymes is not necessary when they are used as a diabetic animal model.  相似文献   

Isolation of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 7 from cattle showing fever in Japan in 2016 and improvement of a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay to detect epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus     

Kunitaka YAMAMOTO  Riki HIROMATSU  Mina KAIDA  Tomoko KATO  Tohru YANASE  Hiroaki SHIRAFUJI 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2021,83(9):1378

  相似文献   

Incident rainfall partitioning and canopy interception modeling for an abandoned Japanese cypress stand   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Xinchao Sun  Yuichi Onda  Hiroaki Kato 《Journal of Forest Research》2014,19(3):317-328

Interception loss (E _i) in forests has been studied widely. However, E _i parameters and modeling as well as spatial patterns of throughfall (TF) in abandoned Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) plantations remain poorly documented. In this study, gross precipitation (P _G), stemflow (SF), and TF were monitored in an unmanaged 32-year-old Japanese cypress stand throughout the 2011 rainy season. Results indicate that P _G partitioning into TF, SF, and E _i were, respectively, 64.2 ± 3.6, 10.6 ± 0.6, and 25.2 ± 1.1 % of the 880.8 mm cumulative P _G from 29 rainfall events. Direct throughfall proportion (p) and drainage from the canopy contributed about 14 ± 7 and 50 ± 21 % of the total TF for the events, respectively. The mean canopy storage capacity (S) was 2.4 ± 0.7 mm. The coefficient of variability (CV) of TF rate decreased asymptotically with increasing P _G amount, ranging from 16 to 56 % with median 26 %. The CV of TF rate was not significantly correlated with canopy cover (r = 0.152, P = 0.521, n = 20) and distance from the nearest trunk (r = 0.196, P = 0.408, n = 20). Based on the revised Gash analytical model, the total simulated E _i was close to the observed, with a general underestimation magnitude of 5.7 %. The E _i components were quantified, and most of the interception loss (62.9 %) evaporated during rainfall, while 26.8 % evaporated after rainfall ceased. Climatic and forest structural parameters required by the model were identified and analyzed by sensitivity analysis, implying that the revised Gash analytical model is robust and reliable enough for abandoned Japanese cypress plantations in a maritime climate.  相似文献   

Differential expression of genes encoding neurotrophic factors and their receptors along the septal‐temporal axis of the rat hippocampus     

Atsushi Toyoda  Wataru Iio  Tatsuhiko Goto  Hiroaki Koike  Takamitsu Tsukahara 《Animal Science Journal》2014,85(12):986-993

The hippocampus plays a key role in learning and emotional regulation. The hippocampus’ function varies along its septotemporal axis, with the septal pole being more frequently involved in spatial learning and memory, and the temporal pole playing a greater role in emotional behaviors. In this study, we present findings aimed at checking the expression level of the genes encoding neurotrophins and their receptors, including nerve growth factor (NGF), brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3), and their receptors (TrkA, TrkB and TrkC) in the hippocampus along the septotemporal axis. Using real‐time PCR, several different expression patterns were observed. Remarkably, the expression of both NT‐3 and TrkA genes in the septal hippocampus was higher than in the middle and temporal hippocampus. Higher expression of NT‐3 and TrkA may implicate active neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the septal hippocampus because more neurogenesis occurs in the septal than the temporal DG of rats. Finally, the results obtained in this study emphasize the importance of choosing the hippocampal portion along its septotemporal axis for any hippocampal molecular and biochemical experimental studies.  相似文献