Hydrogen radicals, nitrogen radicals, and the production of O3 in the upper troposphere     

PO Wennberg  TF Hanisco  L Jaegle  DJ Jacob  EJ Hintsa  EJ Lanzendorf  JG Anderson  R Gao  ER Keim  SG Donnelly  LAD Negro  DW Fahey  SA McKeen  RJ Salawitch  CR Webster  RD May  RL Herman  MH Proffitt  JJ Margitan  EL Atlas  SM Schauffler  F Flocke  CT McElroy  TP Bui 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,279(5347):49-53

The concentrations of the hydrogen radicals OH and HO2 in the middle and upper troposphere were measured simultaneously with those of NO, O3, CO, H2O, CH4, non-methane hydrocarbons, and with the ultraviolet and visible radiation field. The data allow a direct examination of the processes that produce O3 in this region of the atmosphere. Comparison of the measured concentrations of OH and HO2 with calculations based on their production from water vapor, ozone, and methane demonstrate that these sources are insufficient to explain the observed radical concentrations in the upper troposphere. The photolysis of carbonyl and peroxide compounds transported to this region from the lower troposphere may provide the source of HOx required to sustain the measured abundances of these radical species. The mechanism by which NO affects the production of O3 is also illustrated by the measurements. In the upper tropospheric air masses sampled, the production rate for ozone (determined from the measured concentrations of HO2 and NO) is calculated to be about 1 part per billion by volume each day. This production rate is faster than previously thought and implies that anthropogenic activities that add NO to the upper troposphere, such as biomass burning and aviation, will lead to production of more O3 than expected.  相似文献   

Sensitivity of boreal forest carbon balance to soil thaw   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

ML Goulden  SC Wofsy  JW Harden  SE Trumbore  PM Crill  ST Gower  T Fries  BC Daube  S Fan  DJ Sutton  A Bazzaz  JW Munger 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,279(5348):214-217

We used eddy covariance; gas-exchange chambers; radiocarbon analysis; wood, moss, and soil inventories; and laboratory incubations to measure the carbon balance of a 120-year-old black spruce forest in Manitoba, Canada. The site lost 0.3 +/- 0.5 metric ton of carbon per hectare per year (ton C ha-1 year-1) from 1994 to 1997, with a gain of 0.6 +/- 0.2 ton C ha-1 year-1 in moss and wood offset by a loss of 0.8 +/- 0.5 ton C ha-1 year-1 from the soil. The soil remained frozen most of the year, and the decomposition of organic matter in the soil increased 10-fold upon thawing. The stability of the soil carbon pool ( approximately 150 tons C ha-1) appears sensitive to the depth and duration of thaw, and climatic changes that promote thaw are likely to cause a net efflux of carbon dioxide from the site.  相似文献   

Benign masses in the pericardium of two dogs   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

DJ SIMPSON  GB HUNT  DB CHURCH  JA BECK 《Australian veterinary journal》1999,77(4):225-229

Two miniature Schnauzer dogs were treated for pericardial masses. In one dog the mass consisted of necrotic fat that was attached to the apex of the pericardium by a pedicle. No obvious communication with the abdomen was present. The second dog had a peritoneopericardial hernia associated with a chronic cystic haematoma. In each case the mass was presumed to have arisen following congenital displacement of the omentum into the pericardium. The pericardial mass was removed and subtotal pericardectomy performed in both dogs. Recovery was complete in each case.  相似文献   

Effect of a growth inhibitor,N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (B9), on potato plants in the field     

E. C. Humphries  P. W. Dyson 《Potato Research》1967,10(2):116-126

Summary Majestic potatoes were sprayed with N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (B9) as tubers were forming and again 2 weeks later. Treated plants had shorter stems and less leaf area than untreated plants but the same total leaf dry weight, because dry weight per unit area was increased. Plants sprayed with B9 at 5 g/l had 20% less leaf area than untreated plants at the time of maximum leaf area (end of July). Treatment increased tuber number, and increased rate of tuber growth, especially soon after spraying. The effects of seed size and B9 on tuber number were independent. Checking top growth increased tuber growth rate at first, implying that the leaves became more efficient in increasing tuber dry weight.

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Zusammenfassung Saatkartoffeln der SorteMajestic mit einem Knollengewicht von 40 bis 100g wurden am 16. April 1965 ausgepflanzt; am 16. Juni (Ernte 1), zur Zeit der Knollenbildung also, wurden einige Pflanzen zwecks Bestimmung der Blattfl?che sowie der Trockensubstanz von Pflanzenteilen als Muster entnommen. Einige Parzellen wurden mit dem Wachstumsregulator N-dimethylamino-Bernsteins?ure (B9) mit einer Konzentration von entweder 1 g/l oder 5 g/l besprüht. Am 30. Juni wurden wieder Pflanzen als Muster entnommen (Ernte 2). Weitere Muster wurden am 28. Juli, 25. August und 4. Oktober entnommen (Ernten 3, 4 und 5). B9 hatte wenig Einfluss auf das Blattgewicht, weil es das Trockensubstanzgewicht pro Fl?cheneinheit erh?hte, obwohl es die Blattfl?che pro Pflanze verkleinerte. Die Stengel wurden stark verkürzt (Abb. 1) und ihr Trockensubstanzgewicht verringert. Durch das Besprühen wurde das Knollengewicht erh?ht, besonders kurz nach dem Spritzen. Das gesamte Pflanzengewicht wurde durch die Behandlung nicht signifikant beeinflusst (Tabelle 1 und 2). Der Blattfl?chenindex von behandelten Pflanzen (Konzentration 5 g/l) war 20% geringer als von unbehandelten bei der 3. Ernte (Abb. 2). Die Behandlung hatte eine gr?ssere Knollenzahl zur Folge (Tabelle 3). Die Saatgutgr?sse beeinflusste die Wachstumsrate und die Knollenzahl ebenfalls (Abb. 4). Die Einflüsse von Saatgutgr?sse und B9 auf die Knollenzahl waren voneinander unabh?ngig. Hemmung des Triebwachstums bewirkte, dass sich mehr Trockensubstanz in den Knollen bildete. In Tabelle 4 wird die Netto-Assimilations-rate der ganzen Pflanze (E_p) mit der Netto-Akkumulationsrate der Trockensubstanz in den Knollen (E_t) verglichen. Es hat den Anschein, dass der Wachstumsregulator zwei verschiedene Wirkungen auf die Kartoffelpflanze hatte: erstens erh?ht er den Prozentsatz an Trockensubstanz, die in die Knollen einwandert, und zweitens erh?lt er den Blattfl?chenindex n?her beim optimalen Wert. Obwohl durch das Besprühen die Blattfl?che abnahm, blieb der Endertrag an Trockensubstanz in den Knollen unbeeinflusst. Der Wachstumsregulator f?rderte Zwiewuchs und Wassergehalt der Knollen (Abb. 3). Die Nachkommenschaft von Knollen behandelter Pflanzen wuchs anfangs langsamer als Nachkommen unbehandelter Pflanzen, entweder weil der Wachstumsregulator in den Knollen fortbestand oder weil der Wachstumsregulator die Menge an endogenen Wachstumssubstanzen verringerte.

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Résumé Des plantes de pomme de terreMajestic de calibrage compris entre 40 et 100 g ont été plantés le 16 avril 1965 et quelques plantes étaient échantillonnées le 16 juin (Récolte 1), juste à la formation des tubercules, pour déterminer la surface foliaire et la matière sèche des parties de la plante. Certaines parcelles furent pulvérisées avec le régulateur de croissance acide N-diméthylaminosuccinamique (B9) à une concentration soit 1 g/l, soit 5 g/l. Des plantes étaient échantillonnées de nouveau le 30 juin (Récolte 2) et les mêmes parcelles pulvérisées avec B9. D'autres échantillons furent prélevés les 28 juillet, 25 ao?t et 4 octobre (Récoltes 3, 4 et 5). B9 a peu d'effet sur le poids des feuilles parce que s'il diminue la surface foliaire par plante, il augmente le poids sec par unité de surface. Les tiges sont fortement raccourcies (Fig. 1) et leur poids sec diminué. La pulvérisation augmente le poids du tubercule particulièrement aussit?t après le traitement. Le poids total de la plante n'est pas significativement affecté après le traitement (Tableau 1 et 2). L'index de surface foliaire des plantes traitées avec 5 g/l est 20% en moins que celui du témoin de Récolte 3 (Fig. 2). Le traitement accro?t le nombre de tubercules (Tableau 3). Le volume du plant influence aussi la vitesse de croissance et le nombre de tubercules (Fig. 4). Les effects du volume du plant et de B9 sur le nombre de tubercules sont indépendants. L'arrêt de la croissance du sommet provoque une plus grande accumulation de matière sèche dans les tubercules et le Tableau 4 donne la comparaison du cours de l'assimilation nette de matière sèche de la plante entière (E_p) et des tubercules (E_t). Il appara?t que le régulateur de croissance a deux actions distinctes sur la plante de pomme de terre (1) il accro?t le pourcentage de matière sèche qui pénètre dans le tubercule, et (2) il maintient l'index de surface foliaire plus proche de la valeur optimale. Bien que la pulvérisation diminue la surface foliaire, la production finale de matière sèche dans les tubercules n'est pas affectée. Le régulateur de croissance accro?t une seconde croissance et la teneur en eau des tubercules (Fig. 3). La descendance des tubercules des plantes traitées poussent d'abord plus lentement que la descendance de plantes non traitées soit parce que le régulateur de croissance persiste dans les tubercules, soit parce que le régulateur de croissance diminue la quantité de substances de croissance endogènes.

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A survey for mycoplasmas in bulk-tank milk of dairy herds in Western Australia     

PD JELINEK  DJ DEVEREAUX  PAJ MARTIN  NB BULLER 《Australian veterinary journal》1993,70(1):30-30

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An estimate of specificity for a Johne's disease absorbed ELISA in northern Australian cattle     

DJ PITT  DS PINCH  A. JANMAAT  RJ CONDRON 《Australian veterinary journal》2002,80(1):57-60

Objective To estimate the specificity of an absorbed enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay kit^d for Johne's disease (JD) when used in mature cattle populations resident in northern Australia.
Design Blood samples were collected from beef cattle in northern Queensland, the Northern Territory and northern Western Australia, and from dairy cattle in northern Queensland. The specificity of a serological test for JD was estimated by testing the blood samples with an absorbed ELISA kit. Further samples were collected from cattle with positive ELISA results to determine the presence or absence of infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis .
Procedure During 1995 and 1996, blood, tissue and gut contents were collected from beef cattle at abattoirs in Queensland and the Northern Territory; and blood and faecal samples were collected from dairy cattle in herds assessed to be most at risk for JD in northern Queensland. The blood samples were tested using an absorbed ELISA kit. Tissues and gut contents from beef cattle that had positive ELISA results were cultured for M avium subsp paratuberculosis , and tissues were examined histo-logically. Faecal samples from dairy cattle with positive ELISA results were cultured for M avium subsp paratuberculosis .
Results Estimates of specificity for this absorbed ELISA in mature northern Australian cattle were 98.0% (97.0 to 98.8%, 95% CI) in beef cattle, and 98.3% (96.7 to 99.3%, 95% CI) in dairy cattle.
Conclusion Estimates of specificity in this study were lower for beef cattle from the Northern Territory and northern Western Australia and for dairy cattle from northern Queensland than those quoted from studies on cattle in southern Western Australia. This should be considered when serological testing using the JD ELISA is carried out on northern Australian cattle.  相似文献   

Isolation of Treponema hyodysenteriae from a wild rat living on a piggery     

DJ HAMPSON  BG COMBS  SJ HARDERS  ID CONNAUGHTON  VA FAHY 《Australian veterinary journal》1991,68(9):308-308

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Influence of head posture on the respiratory tract of healthy horses     

DJ RACKLYEFT  DN LOVE 《Australian veterinary journal》1990,67(11):402-405

Twenty four normal, confined mares were unable to lower their heads for 24 or 48 h. In 21 mares this resulted in increases in the proportion of neutrophils and/or numbers of bacteria in transtracheal aspirates. In eight mares the changes in tracheal washes were accompanied by clinical evidence of mild respiratory disease. In three additional cases respiratory signs were accompanied by systemic illness. These changes reversed once the mares were able to lower their heads. Haematological changes (absolute neutrophilia and/or hyperfibrinogenamia) were mild and occurred more commonly in horses restrained for 48 h. The results suggest that keeping the heads of healthy horses raised leads to an increased bacterial burden in their tracheobronchial secretions. These changes appeared to be related to head posture effects and not simply confinement in stocks. These findings give further weight to the theory that postural drainage may facilitate clearance of bacteria from the tracheobronchial tree. The possible relevance of such findings to post-transportation pneumonia in horses is discussed.  相似文献   

Indices of renal function: values in eight normal foals from birth to 56 days   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

DJ EDWARDS  MA BROWNLOW  DR HUTCHINS 《Australian veterinary journal》1990,67(7):251-254

A series of blood and urine samples was collected from each of eight normal foals between birth and eight weeks. Blood chemistry relating to renal function was evaluated as well as physical and chemical characteristics of urine. During the first 4d of life it was impractical to suggest meaningful normal values due to wide variation among foals and with time. Serum urea and plasma creatinine fell markedly to levels less than those previously reported for normal adult horses, while urine, mildly hypersthenuric at birth, rapidly became hyposthenuric. There was also a marked proteinuria during the first 48h. After 4d clinicopathological values stabilised. Urea and creatinine remained at subadult levels and hyposthenuria was maintained. While there was some variation with time, generally the urinary activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) was greater in foals than in adults; plasma potassium, the creatinine clearance ratio of potassium (% Cr K), serum inorganic phosphate and the creatinine clearance ratio of phosphate (% Cr PO4) were greater than in adults while plasma chloride and the creatinine clearance ratio of chloride (% Cr Cl) were lower in foals than in adults. Urinary pH was acidic and epithelial cells and calcium oxalate crystals more prevalent in the urine of foals than in that of adults. The information presented here will be useful in the diagnosis and management of renal disease and azotaemia in foals.  相似文献   

Organophosphorus residues in wool grease resulting from specified on-farm lice and flystrike control treatments     

BJ HORTON  DJ BEST  LG BUTLER  GG GREGORY 《Australian veterinary journal》1997,75(7):500-503

Objective To investigate wool organophosphorus concentrations resulting from a range of farm pesticide application methods.
Design Random sampling of wool for pesticide residues and on-farm interviews to determine associated treatments.
Procedure Tasmanian fleece wool lots were sampled at random and tested for organophosphorus residues. The grower was identified and the pesticide treatments applied to the sheep were ascertained by on-farm interview.
Results The residue concentrations showed a large variation that was not accounted for by differences in treatments by growers. Organophosphorus concentrations were proportional to the number of treatments applied, and inversely related to the time between pesticide application and the subsequent shearing, and were significantly influenced by the method of application. After allowing for the time of application, plunge dipping resulted in pesticide residue concentrations 2 to 2.5 times greater than shower dipping, using spray races or hand jetting, and the use of these methods caused larger residues than the use of jetting races.
Conclusions We recommend that plunge or shower dipping should not be used more than 7 weeks after shearing, nor at higher concentration than the standard dose rate used for lice control, whereas jetting may be satisfactory for up to 7 months after shearing, provided only one application is administered.  相似文献