Comparative sensitivity of various faecal culture methods and ELISA in dairy cattle herds with endemic Johne's disease     

Eamens GJ  Whittington RJ  Marsh IB  Turner MJ  Saunders V  Kemsley PD  Rayward D 《Veterinary microbiology》2000,77(3-4):357-367

In three New South Wales dairy cattle herds with endemic Johne's disease, prevalence rates by faecal culture were determined to be 12, 18 and 22%, respectively. Whole herd faecal culture was shown to detect markedly more infected cattle than whole herd testing by the EMAI absorbed ELISA, particularly in the two herds with greatest prevalence. In the three study herds, five methods for whole herd faecal culture were compared in each. These included two methods based on primary culture on Herrold's egg yolk medium with mycobactin J (HEYM): (1) conventional decontamination with sedimentation and primary culture on HEYM; (2) Whitlock decontamination and culture on HEYM. The remaining three methods were based on radiometric (BACTEC) culture: (3) decontamination and filtration to BACTEC medium; (4) modified Whitlock decontamination to BACTEC medium and (5) Whitlock decontamination to BACTEC medium. For BACTEC cultures, two methods were compared as confirmatory tests for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis: mycobactin dependence on conventional subculture to HEYM and IS900 PCR analysis of radiometric media.Among 179 cattle tested simultaneously by all five culture methods, 38 cattle were confirmed to be shedding M. paratuberculosis. In identifying shedder cattle, method 5 was the most sensitive, followed by methods 2, 4, 1, and 3 was the least sensitive. The number of BACTEC cultures confirmed by mycobactin dependence or PCR was similar.  相似文献   

Effects of zinc and linoleic acid supplementation on the skin and coat quality of dogs receiving a complete and balanced diet     

K.A. Marsh  F.L. Ruedisueli  S.L. Coe  & T.G.D. Watson 《Veterinary dermatology》2000,11(4):277-284

This study investigates what effect adding zinc to a final dietary concentration of 23.9 mg MJ⁻¹ and/or linoleic acid to a dietary concentration of 3.6 g MJ⁻¹ in a complete and balanced diet has on the skin and haircoat condition of adult dogs. All animals were fed for nine weeks on a standard diet followed by nine weeks on a supplemented diet. After each phase animals were quantitatively assessed with respect to the condition and function of their skin and coat. Dogs supplemented with the combination of zinc and linoleic acid showed a significant improvement in coat gloss ( P  = 0.05) and coat scale ( P  = 0.007) when compared to the control group of dogs receiving the standard diet. In addition dogs supplemented with either zinc alone or in combination with linoleic acid demonstrated a significant decrease ( P  = 0.05) in transepidermal water loss over the time course of the test phase. As far as we are aware this is the first reported research to show that supplementation of a complete and balanced commercial dog food with zinc plus linoleic acid can make significant and substantial enhancements of the skin and coat condition in dogs.  相似文献   

Human papovavirus (JC): induction of brain tumors in hamsters   总被引：40，自引：0，他引：40  

D L Walker  B L Padgett  G M ZuRhein  A E Albert  R F Marsh 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1973,181(100):674-676

Eighty-three percent of hamsters inoculated at birth with JC virus, a human papovavirus isolated from brain tissue of a case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, developed malignant gliomas within 6 months. Three brain tumors have been serially transplanted as subcutaneous tumors. JC virus was isolated from five of seven tumors tested. Cells from four tumors were cultivated in vitro. These cells contained an intranuclear antigen with the characteristics of a T antigen, and this antigen was antigenically related to SV40 T antigen. Although virus was not recovered from extracts of serially cultured tumor cells, JC virus was rescued when one tumor cell line was fused with permissive cells.  相似文献   

Cell biology. No ESCRTs for exosomes     

Marsh M  van Meer G 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,319(5867):1191-1192

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Partitioning the energetics of walking and running: swinging the limbs is expensive     

Marsh RL  Ellerby DJ  Carr JA  Henry HT  Buchanan CI 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5654):80-83

Explaining the energetics of walking and running has been difficult because the distribution of energy use among individual muscles has not been known. We estimated energy use by measuring blood flow to the hindlimb muscles in guinea fowl. Blood flow to skeletal muscles is controlled locally and varies directly with metabolic rate. We estimate that the swing-phase muscles consume 26% of the energy used by the limbs and the stance-phase muscles consume the remaining 74%, independent of speed. Thus, contrary to some previous suggestions, swinging the limbs requires an appreciable fraction of the energy used during terrestrial legged locomotion. Models integrating the energetics and mechanics of running will benefit from more detailed information on the distribution of energy use by the muscles.  相似文献   

Soluble human complement receptor type 1: in vivo inhibitor of complement suppressing post-ischemic myocardial inflammation and necrosis   总被引：52，自引：0，他引：52  

H F Weisman  T Bartow  M K Leppo  H C Marsh  G R Carson  M F Concino  M P Boyle  K H Roux  M L Weisfeldt  D T Fearon 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1990,249(4965):146-151

The complement system is an important mediator of the acute inflammatory response, and an effective inhibitor would suppress tissue damage in many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Such an inhibitor might be found among the endogenous regulatory proteins of complement that block the enzymes that activate C3 and C5. Of these proteins, complement receptor type 1 (CR1; CD35) has the most inhibitory potential, but its restriction to a few cell types limits its function in vivo. This limitation was overcome by the recombinant, soluble human CR1, sCR1, which lacks the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. The sCR1 bivalently bound dimeric forms of its ligands, C3b and methylamine-treated C4 (C4-ma), and promoted their inactivation by factor I. In nanomolar concentrations, sCR1 blocked complement activation in human serum by the two pathways. The sCR1 had complement inhibitory and anti-inflammatory activities in a rat model of reperfusion injury of ischemic myocardium, reducing myocardial infarction size by 44 percent. These findings identify sCR1 as a potential agent for the suppression of complement-dependent tissue injury in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.  相似文献   

The shaping of modern human immune systems by multiregional admixture with archaic humans     

Abi-Rached L  Jobin MJ  Kulkarni S  McWhinnie A  Dalva K  Gragert L  Babrzadeh F  Gharizadeh B  Luo M  Plummer FA  Kimani J  Carrington M  Middleton D  Rajalingam R  Beksac M  Marsh SG  Maiers M  Guethlein LA  Tavoularis S  Little AM  Green RE  Norman PJ  Parham P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6052):89-94

Whole genome comparisons identified introgression from archaic to modern humans. Our analysis of highly polymorphic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I, vital immune system components subject to strong balancing selection, shows how modern humans acquired the HLA-B*73 allele in west Asia through admixture with archaic humans called Denisovans, a likely sister group to the Neandertals. Virtual genotyping of Denisovan and Neandertal genomes identified archaic HLA haplotypes carrying functionally distinctive alleles that have introgressed into modern Eurasian and Oceanian populations. These alleles, of which several encode unique or strong ligands for natural killer cell receptors, now represent more than half the HLA alleles of modern Eurasians and also appear to have been later introduced into Africans. Thus, adaptive introgression of archaic alleles has significantly shaped modern human immune systems.  相似文献   

The dugong (Dugong dugon (Müller)) in the seagrass system     

G.E. Heinsohn  J. Wake  H. Marsh  A.V. Spain 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》1977,12(3):235-248

The distribution and ecological niche of the dugong are considered in relation to their effects on tropical seagrass ecosystems.Features of the chemical and calorific nature of seagrasses are contrasted to those of most terrestrial plants.Biomass levels of northern Australian tropical seagrass communities are discussed in relation to the estimated daily intake of dry matter. Implications for the species resulting from probable food limitation at any one site are considered. Effects of feeding and feeding behaviour are considered in relation to nutrient cycling in the seagrass ecosystem.Interactions of dugongs with other users of the seagrass ecosystem particularly predators, including man, are discussed together with aspects of dugong conservation.  相似文献   

Inheritance of taste characters and fruit size and number in a diploid Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit) population     

C.H. Cheng  A.G. Seal  H.L. Boldingh  K.B. Marsh  E.A. MacRae  S.J. Murphy  A.R. Ferguson 《Euphytica》2004,138(2):185-195

We investigated the variability and inheritance of taste components and fruit size and number in a seedling population of diploid Actinidia chinensisPlanch. We found significant variation in all characters measured. Narrow-sense heritability estimates were high for vitamin C content, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids content (SSC), fruit weight and dry matter content (DM), but low for glucose content, quinic acid content, and fruit number per vine. The genetic correlations between sugars (except myo-inositol), acids (except quinic acid), TA, vitamin C content, SSC and DM tended to be positive and moderate to high. However, correlations between these characters and fruit weight tended to be negative and moderate to high. The standardised coefficients () of multiple regression showed that SSC was highly dependent on the levels of fructose content, sucrose content and TA. Estimates of relative selection efficiencies (E) suggested that selection using SSC could be an efficient and convenient alternative to direct selection for improvement of sugar levels in kiwifruit. However, selection strategies based on SSC need to take account of its moderate negative correlation with fruit weight. Male and female parents useful for improving acid and sugar composition and fruit size were identified. One family was outstanding, as it combined large fruit size with high levels of SSC and DM.  相似文献   

Intrathecal deep digital flexor tenectomy for treatment of septic tendonitis/tenosynovitis in four horses     

Marsh CA  Watkins JP  Schneider RK 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2011,40(3):284-290

Objective: To describe partial removal of the intrathecal component of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) in horses with chronic septic DDF tendonitis and tenosynovitis unresponsive to conventional therapy, and to report long‐term outcome. Study Design: Case series. Animals: Horses (n=4). Methods: Four horses with chronic septic DDF tendonitis and tenosynovitis were treated by surgical tenectomy of the intrathecal component of the DDFT, followed by stabilization in casts and subsequent corrective shoeing. All horses were previously managed unsuccessfully with combinations of conventional therapy consisting of systemic antibiotics, through and through tendon sheath lavage/open drainage, regional limb perfusions, tenoscopy with debridement and transection of the palmar/plantar annular ligament, and intrathecal antibiotics. Results: Time from initial injury/diagnosis to tenectomy ranged from 10 to 210 days. Mean hospitalization time after surgery was 82 days. Long‐term follow‐up (>1.5 years; mean, 3.8 years) was available. All 4 horses were able to walk comfortably at pasture and were used as broodmares. Conclusions: Intrathecal tenectomy is a viable surgical procedure for treatment of chronic septic tenosynovitis of the digital sheath that is complicated by septic tendonitis of the DDFT.  相似文献