Reviewing research priorities in weed ecology,evolution and management: a horizon scan          下载免费PDF全文

P Neve  J N Barney  Y Buckley  R D Cousens  S Graham  N R Jordan  A Lawton‐Rauh  M Liebman  M B Mesgaran  M Schut  J Shaw  J Storkey  B Baraibar  R S Baucom  M Chalak  D Z Childs  S Christensen  H Eizenberg  C Fernández‐Quintanilla  K French  M Harsch  S Heijting  L Harrison  D Loddo  M Macel  N Maczey  A Merotto Jr  D Mortensen  J Necajeva  D A Peltzer  J Recasens  M Renton  M Riemens  M Sønderskov  M Williams 《Weed Research》2018,58(4):250-258

Weedy plants pose a major threat to food security, biodiversity, ecosystem services and consequently to human health and wellbeing. However, many currently used weed management approaches are increasingly unsustainable. To address this knowledge and practice gap, in June 2014, 35 weed and invasion ecologists, weed scientists, evolutionary biologists and social scientists convened a workshop to explore current and future perspectives and approaches in weed ecology and management. A horizon scanning exercise ranked a list of 124 pre‐submitted questions to identify a priority list of 30 questions. These questions are discussed under seven themed headings that represent areas for renewed and emerging focus for the disciplines of weed research and practice. The themed areas considered the need for transdisciplinarity, increased adoption of integrated weed management and agroecological approaches, better understanding of weed evolution, climate change, weed invasiveness and finally, disciplinary challenges for weed science. Almost all the challenges identified rested on the need for continued efforts to diversify and integrate agroecological, socio‐economic and technological approaches in weed management. These challenges are not newly conceived, though their continued prominence as research priorities highlights an ongoing intransigence that must be addressed through a more system‐oriented and transdisciplinary research agenda that seeks an embedded integration of public and private research approaches. This horizon scanning exercise thus set out the building blocks needed for future weed management research and practice; however, the challenge ahead is to identify effective ways in which sufficient research and implementation efforts can be directed towards these needs.  相似文献   

Technology generation to dissemination: lessons learned from the tef improvement project     

Gina Cannarozzi  Solomon Chanyalew  Kebebew Assefa  Abate Bekele  Regula Blösch  Annett Weichert  Dominik Klauser  Sonia Plaza-Wüthrich  Korinna Esfeld  Moritz Jöst  Abiel Rindisbacher  Habte Jifar  Victoria Johnson-Chadwick  Ermias Abate  Wuyan Wang  Rizqah Kamies  Negussu Husein  Worku Kebede  Kidist Tolosa  Yazachew Genet  Kidu Gebremeskel  Brikti Ferede  Firew Mekbib  Federico Martinelli  Hans Christian Pedersen  Suhail Rafudeen  Shimelis Hussein  Muluneh Tamiru  Naomi Nakayama  Mike Robinson  Ian Barker  Samuel Zeeman  Zerihun Tadele 《Euphytica》2018,214(2):31

Indigenous crops also known as orphan crops are key contributors to food security, which is becoming increasingly vulnerable with the current trend of population growth and climate change. They have the major advantage that they fit well into the general socio-economic and ecological context of developing world agriculture. However, most indigenous crops did not benefit from the Green Revolution, which dramatically increased the yield of major crops such as wheat and rice. Here, we describe the Tef Improvement Project, which employs both conventional- and molecular-breeding techniques to improve tef—an orphan crop important to the food security in the Horn of Africa, a region of the world with recurring devastating famines. We have established an efficient pipeline to bring improved tef lines from the laboratory to the farmers of Ethiopia. Of critical importance to the long-term success of this project is the cooperation among participants in Ethiopia and Switzerland, including donors, policy makers, research institutions, and farmers. Together, European and African scientists have developed a pipeline using breeding and genomic tools to improve the orphan crop tef and bring new cultivars to the farmers in Ethiopia. We highlight a new variety, Tesfa, developed in this pipeline and possessing a novel and desirable combination of traits. Tesfa’s recent approval for release illustrates the success of the project and marks a milestone as it is the first variety (of many in the pipeline) to be released.  相似文献   

Hypophysitis,Panhypopituitarism, and Hypothalamitis in a Scottish Terrier Dog          下载免费PDF全文

L. Polledo  M. Oliveira  J. Adamany  P. Graham  K. Baiker 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2017,31(5):1527-1532

A 6‐year old male neutered Scottish Terrier was referred with a 1 week history of progressive lethargy and anorexia. Neurological examination localized a lesion to the forebrain and hormonal testing showed panhypopituitarism. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed a rounded, well‐defined, suprasellar central mass. The mass was slightly hyperintense to the cortical grey matter on T2‐weighted (T2W), hypointense on T1‐weighted (T1W) images and without T2* signal void. There was a central fusiform enhancement of the mass after contrast administration which raised the suspicion of a pituitary neoplasm. Rapid deterioration of the dog prevented further clinical investigations. Histopathologic examination revealed a lymphocytic panhypophysitis of unknown origin suspected autoimmune involving the hypothalamus (hypothalamitis). This is a unique case report of a dog presenting with inflammatory hypophysitis and hypothalamitis of suspected autoimmune origin with detailed clinical, MRI, histology and immunohistochemistry findings.  相似文献   

The efficacy of Vespex® wasp bait to control Vespula species (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in New Zealand     

Eric Edwards  Richard Toft  Nik Joice  Ian Westbrooke 《国际虫害防治杂志》2017,63(3):266-272

ABSTRACT

Transitioning from trials to pest control tool, the efficacy of controlling wasps Vespula vulgaris and V. germanica using Vespex® wasp bait was tested in 2015. Vespex® is a protein-based bait matrix with 0.1% fipronil. Five sites ranging <300 to >2000 ha and over 5500 ha in total had bait stations placed 300 × 50 m apart and received one application of Vespex®. Wasp nest traffic rates declined 93% in four days at one site, and over 97% after 20–38 days at all other sites. Measured honeydew availability also improved post wasp control. Further demonstrating feasibility, five different agencies worked closely with government leading many programme aspects. Vespex® was made more widely available in New Zealand towards the end of 2015. Web page information showed ～30% of all territorial authorities nationally are engaging in pest wasp problems. This signals a future potential in the way that pest wasps might be managed in a community context for social, economic and biodiversity conservation objectives.  相似文献   

The interactions of piperonyl butoxide and analogues with the metabolic enzymes FE4 and CYP6CY3 of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)          下载免费PDF全文

Michela Panini  Francesco Tozzi  Chris Bass  Christoph T Zimmer  Linda Field  Valerio Borzatta  Emanuele Mazzoni  Graham Moores 《Pest management science》2017,73(2):371-379

  相似文献   

High tunnels: protection for rather than from insect pests?          下载免费PDF全文

Laura L Ingwell  Sarah L Thompson  Ian Kaplan  Ricky E Foster 《Pest management science》2017,73(12):2439-2446

  相似文献   

Chinook salmon emergence phenotypes: Describing the relationships between temperature,emergence timing and condition factor in a reaction norm framework          下载免费PDF全文

Abby E. Fuhrman  Donald A. Larsen  E. Ashley Steel  Graham Young  Brian R. Beckman 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2018,27(1):350-362

Water temperature can have a profound influence on development and distribution of aquatic species. Salmon are particularly vulnerable to temperature changes because their reproductive and early development life phases are spent in freshwater river systems where temperature fluctuates widely both daily and seasonally. Flow regulation downstream of dams can also cause temperature regime changes, which in turn may spur local adaptation of early life‐history traits. In a common garden laboratory incubation experiment, we exposed spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) embryos to four temperature regimes: warm stable, cold stable, daily variation and below dam. We found that fry from warmer thermal regimes emerged earlier than those from colder regimes both in terms of calendar date and temperature units and that warmer temperatures caused fry to emerge less developed. There was also a significant effect of family on both emergence timing and development level at emergence. By combining measurements of physiological and behavioural traits at emergence and interpreting them within a reaction norm framework, we can better understand which populations might be more vulnerable to altered thermal regimes.  相似文献   

Use of a 350‐mm2 Baerveldt glaucoma drainage device to maintain vision and control intraocular pressure in dogs with glaucoma: a retrospective study (2013–2016)          下载免费PDF全文

Kathleen L. Graham  David Donaldson  Francis A. Billson  F. Mark Billson 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2017,20(5):427-434

  相似文献   

Rapid Silviculture Appraisal to Characterise Stand and Determine Silviculture Priorities of Community Forests in Nepal     

Edwin Cedamon  Ian Nuberg  Govinda Paudel  Madan Basyal  Krishna Shrestha  Naya Paudel 《Small-Scale Forestry》2017,16(2):195-218

  相似文献   

Water sorption,surface structure and surface energy characteristics of wood composite fibres refined at different pressures     

Graham A. Ormondroyd  S. K. Källbom  S. F. Curling  B. K. Stefanowski  B. K. Segerholm  M. E. P. Wålinder 《Wood material science & engineering》2017,12(4):203-210

During fibre processing, wood fibres are subjected to a range of physical and chemical conditions sufficient to slightly alter their chemical composition and hence their ultimate performance when used in the manufacture of wood fibre-based composites. In order to better understand the effects of refiner conditions on material performance, wood fibres were subjected to processing at different refiner pressures (4, 6, 8 and 10 bar) and subsequently dried in a flash drier. The fibres were analysed for changes in surface area, surface energy, surface structure and water vapour sorption characteristics. The methods applied were nitrogen adsorption utilising the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller theory, inverse gas chromatography, scanning electron microscopy and dynamic vapour sorption. It was found that increasing refiner pressure resulted in fibres of lower surface area, accompanied by increasing dispersive surface energies up to operating refiner pressures of 8 bar. It was found with fibres refined at different pressures that as the refiner pressure increased the equilibrium moisture content of the fibre decreased at the set relative humidities. However, it was also noted that the hysteresis was not significantly different between each of the refiner pressures. The results suggest that different refiner pressures can be used to tune the surface characteristics which may be beneficial to product development and the improvement of the environmental profile of the wood fibre composites.  相似文献