24-hour national dietary survey data: how do we interpret them most effectively?     

Mackerras D  Rutishauser I 《Public health nutrition》2005,8(6):657-665

OBJECTIVE: To illustrate the effect of common mistakes when using 24-hour national dietary survey data to estimate the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intakes. DESIGN: Raw data on nutrient intake from the Australian 1995 National Nutrition Survey were adjusted for within-person variance using standard techniques and corrected for underreporting using the criteria of Goldberg et al. The distributions for six nutrients were compared with current dietary reference values from the UK, USA and Australia. SETTING: A national sample of the Australian population with a 61.4% response rate. RESULTS: Adjusting for within-person variance reduced the range of nutrient intakes to 66-80% of the raw data range and the proportion with intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR) by up to 20%. Excluding underreporters further reduced the proportion below the EAR by up to 10%. Using the dietary reference values from different countries also resulted in some markedly different estimates. For example, the prevalence of low folate intakes ranged from < 1 to 92% for adult women depending on the reference used. Except for vitamin A and protein, the prevalence of low intakes was invariably higher for women than for men. CONCLUSIONS: Estimates of the prevalence of low nutrient intakes based on raw 24-hour survey data are invariably misleading. However, even after adjustment for within-person variance and underreporting, estimates of the prevalence of low nutrient intakes may still be misleading unless interpreted in the light of the reference criteria used and supported by relevant biochemical and physiological measures of nutritional status.  相似文献   

Evaluation of brief dietary questions to estimate vegetable and fruit consumption - using serum carotenoids and red-cell folate     

Coyne T  Ibiebele TI  McNaughton S  Rutishauser IH  O'Dea K  Hodge AM  McClintock C  Findlay MG  Lee A 《Public health nutrition》2005,8(3):298-308

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate responses to self-administered brief questions regarding consumption of vegetables and fruit by comparison with blood levels of serum carotenoids and red-cell folate. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study in which participants reported their usual intake of fruit and vegetables in servings per day, and serum levels of five carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin and lycopene) and red-cell folate were measured. Serum carotenoid levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and red-cell folate by an automated immunoassay system. SETTINGS AND SUBJECTS: Between October and December 2000, a sample of 1598 adults aged 25 years and over, from six randomly selected urban centres in Queensland, Australia, were examined as part of a national study conducted to determine the prevalence of diabetes and associated cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS: Statistically significant (P<0.01) associations with vegetable and fruit intake (categorised into groups: /=4 servings per day) were observed for alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin and red-cell folate. The mean level of these carotenoids and of red-cell folate increased with increasing frequency of reported servings of vegetables and fruit, both before and after adjusting for potential confounding factors. A significant association with lycopene was observed only for vegetable intake before adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that brief questions may be a simple and valuable tool for monitoring vegetable and fruit intake in this population.  相似文献   

Residual effects of poultry litter on silage maize (Zea mays L.) growth and soil properties derived from volcanic ash     

Juan HIRZEL  Ingrid WALTER  Pablo UNDURRAGA  Maria CARTAGENA 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2007,53(4):480-488

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Host-Specific Phytotoxic Polysaccharide from Apple Tissue Infected by Erwinia amylovora     

Goodman RN  Huang JS  Huang PY 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1974,183(4129):1081-1082

A toxin isolated from apple fruit tissue infected by Erwinia amylovora is 98 percent galactose in polymeric form, 0.375 percent protein, and has an average molecular weight of approximately 165,000. Young shoots of rosaceous, but not nonrosaceous, species wilt in a manner characteristic of the disease when placed in toxin solutions with concentrations as low as 10 micrograms per milliliter. Varieties of apple and pear susceptible to Erwinia amylovora wilt in 1 to 3 hours, whereas resistant varieties display symptoms 12 to 24 hours after treatment.  相似文献   

Incorrect GenBank Numbers     

Goodman M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1993,260(5108):608

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Discovery of intense gamma-ray flashes of atmospheric origin   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Fishman GJ  Bhat PN  Mallozzi R  Horack JM  Koshut T  Kouveliotou C  Pendleton GN  Meegan CA  Wilson RB  Paciesas WS  Goodman SJ  Christian HJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1994,264(5163):1313-1316

Detectors aboard the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory have observed an unexplained terrestrial phenomenon: brief, intense flashes of gamma rays. These flashes must originate in the atmosphere at altitudes above at least 30 kilometers in order to escape atmospheric absorption and reach the orbiting detectors. At least a dozen such events have been detected over the past 2 years. The photon spectra from the events are very hard (peaking in the high-energy portion of the spectrum) and are consistent with bremsstrahlung emission from energetic (million-electron volt) electrons. The most likely origin of these high-energy electrons, although speculative at this time, is a rare type of high-altitude electrical discharge above thunderstorm regions.  相似文献   

A linear, O-coordinated eta1-CO2 bound to uranium     

Castro-Rodriguez I  Nakai H  Zakharov LN  Rheingold AL  Meyer K 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5691):1757-1759

The electron-rich, six-coordinate tris-aryloxide uranium(III) complex [((AdArO)3tacn)U(III)] [where (AdArOH)3tacn = 1,4,7-tris(3-adamantyl-5-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)1,4,7-triazacyclononane] reacts rapidly with CO2 to yield [((AdArO)3tacn)U(IV)(CO2)], a complex in which the CO(2) ligand is linearly coordinated to the metal through its oxygen atom (eta1-OCO). The latter complex has been crystallographically and spectroscopically characterized. The inequivalent O-C-O bond lengths [1.122 angstroms (A) for the O-C bond adjacent to uranium and 1.277 A for the other], considered together with magnetization data and electronic and vibrational spectra, support the following bonding model: U(IV)=O=C*-O- <--> U(IV)-OC-O-. In these charge-separated resonance structures, the uranium center is oxidized to uranium(IV) and the CO2 ligand reduced by one electron.  相似文献   

Phylogenetic relations of humans and African apes from DNA sequences in the psi eta-globin region   总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17  

M M Miyamoto  J L Slightom  M Goodman 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1987,238(4825):369-373

Sequences from the upstream and downstream flanking DNA regions of the psi eta-globin locus in Pan troglodytes (common chimpanzee), Gorilla gorilla (gorilla), and Pongo pygmaeus (orangutan, the closest living relative to Homo, Pan, and Gorilla) provided further data for evaluating the phylogenetic relations of humans and African apes. These newly sequenced orthologs [an additional 4.9 kilobase pairs (kbp) for each species] were combined with published psi eta-gene sequences and then compared to the same orthologous stretch (a continuous 7.1-kbp region) available for humans. Phylogenetic analysis of these nucleotide sequences by the parsimony method indicated (i) that human and chimpanzee are more closely related to each other than either is to gorilla and (ii) that the slowdown in the rate of sequence evolution evident in higher primates is especially pronounced in humans. These results indicate that features (for example, knuckle-walking) unique to African apes (but not to humans) are primitive and that even local molecular clocks should be applied with caution.  相似文献   

Implantation of genetically engineered fibroblasts into mice: implications for gene therapy   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

R F Selden  M J Skoskiewicz  K B Howie  P S Russell  H M Goodman 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1987,236(4802):714-718

In a variety of human genetic diseases, replacement of the absent or defective protein provides significant therapeutic benefits. As a model for a somatic cell gene therapy system, cultured murine fibroblasts were transfected with a human growth hormone (hGH) fusion gene and cells from one of the resulting clonal lines were subsequently implanted into various locations in mice. Such implants synthesized and secreted hGH, which was detectable in the serum. The function of the implants depended on their location and size, and on the histocompatibility of the donor cells with their recipients. The expression of hGH could be modified by addition of regulatory effectors, and, with appropriate immunosuppression, the implants survived for more than 3 months. This approach to gene therapy, here termed "transkaryotic implantation," is potentially applicable to many genetic diseases in that the transfected cell line can be extensively characterized prior to implantation, several anatomical sites are suitable for implantation, and regulated expression of the gene of therapeutic interest can be obtained.  相似文献   

A simple model for neutrino cooling of the large magellanic cloud supernova     

Spergel DN  Piran T  Loeb A  Goodman J  Bahcall JN 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1987,237(4821):1471-1473

A simplified analytic model of a cooling hot neutron star, motivated by detailed computer calculations, describes well the neutrinos detected from the recent supernova in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The observations do not require explanations that invoke exotic physics or complicated astrophysics. The parameters in this simple model are not severely constrained: 6.1(-3.6)(+3.5) x 10(52) ergs emitted in electron antineutrinos, a peak temperature of 4.2(-0.8)(+1.2) megaelectron volts, a radius of 27(-15)(+17) kilometers, and a cooling time of 4.5(-2.0)(+1.7) seconds.  相似文献