Dynamic properties of molecularly thin liquid films     

Israelachvili JN  McGuiggan PM  Homola AM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,240(4849):189-191

An experimental technique is described for simultaneously measuring the static and dynamic interactions of very thin liquid films between two surfaces as they are moved normally or laterally relative to each other. Film thickness can be measured and controlled to 1 angstrom. Initial results are presented of the transition in the physical properties of liquid films only one molecular layer thick to thicker films whose properties are practically indistinguishable from the bulk. In particular, the results show that two molecularly smooth surfaces, when close together in simple liquids, slide (shear) past each other while separated by a discrete number of molecular layers, and that the frictional force is "quantized" with the number of layers.  相似文献   

Mayor Seeks to Polish the "S" in Unesco: The U.N. agency's new director-general, Federico Mayor, says he wants to sharpen the focus of its science programs on two areas: "frontiers of science" and environmental problems     

Dickson D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,240(4849):137-138

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Soil acidity, and the growth, biomass partitioning and leaf mineral composition of honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.) seedlings     

Schindelbeck RR  Riha SJ 《Tree physiology》1988,4(4):361-369

Honeylocust seedlings (Gleditsia triacanthos L.) were grown in cylinders containing soil adjusted to pH 4, 5 or 6, and harvested every 10 days for 40 days for dry weight and leaf mineral analysis. Total weight of plants grown at pH 4 was less than that of plants grown at pH 5 or 6. Root weight accounted for a greater proportion of total weight in plants grown at pH 4 than in plants grown at pH 5 or 6. Root growth as a function of total plant growth was higher in plants grown at pH 4 than in plants grown at pH 5 or 6, whereas leaf growth as a function of total plant growth was less in plants grown at pH 4 than in plants grown at pH 5 or 6. However, the relationships between root biomass and root length and between leaf biomass and leaf area were the same in all treatments. An analysis of total leaf concentrations of Ca, P, K, Mg, Mn and Al indicated that Al accumulation in leaves was significantly related to a decrease in plant growth at pH 5. A leaf tissue aluminum concentration of 35 microg g(-1) was associated with toxicity symptoms and a 25% reduction in total plant weight.  相似文献   

Comparative water relations of three successional hardwood species in central Wisconsin     

Abrams MD 《Tree physiology》1988,4(3):263-273

Water relations of co-occurring understory saplings of Quercus ellipsoidalis E.J. Hill, an early successional, xeric species, Populus tremuloides Michx., an early successional, mesic species, and Acer rubrum L., a late successional species that occurs on both wet and dry sites, were evaluated on four dates during the 1986 growing season. The understory was characterized by high soil water content, low irradiance and low vapor pressure deficit throughout the growing season. Stomatal conductance and calculated transpiration flux were lowest for A. rubrum and highest for P. tremuloides and Q. ellipsoidalis. Except early in the growing season, leaf water potentials were lower in P. tremuloides than in the other species. Populus tremuloides had the highest bulk modulus of elasticity, Q. ellipsoidalis the lowest. Over the growing season, Populus tremuloides and Q. ellipsoidalis, but not A. rubrum, exhibited a decrease in osmotic potential at both full and zero turgor. Of the three species, Populus tremuloides exhibited the sharpest decrease in leaf water potential and turgor pressure with decreasing relative water content.  相似文献   

Simple, rapid method for determination of total extractable fat in canned pet foods     

R J Maxwell 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1984,67(5):878-879

The rapid column method described, unlike AOAC method 7.056, determines both neutral ("crude") and total fat in canned pet foods, and uses nonflammable solvent mixtures and simple laboratory equipment. Neutral fat values are obtained by eluting the column with dichloromethane, whereas total fat values are determined by using dichloromethane-methanol (9 + 1). For 7 samples analyzed in triplicate, fat ranged from 2.9 to 10.8%. Neutral fat values by the dry column method were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than were those by 7.056 (6.29 vs 6.49), although these differences were practically unimportant. Total fat determinations by the dry column method and by 7.056 yielded overall means of 7.40 and 6.49%, respectively. The 0.91% mean difference is significant (P less than 0.01) and represents a more complete extraction of polar lipids by the proposed method.  相似文献   

Nitrogen metabolism in growing swine receiving a bacterial protein supplement (Alcaligenes eutrophus) instead of soybean meal     

H A Greife  S Molnar  T Bos  M Gussmann  K D Günther 《Archives of Animal Nutrition》1984,34(3):179-190

In a balance trial with 10 pigs (mean body mass 50 kg) the influence of a bacterial protein supplement (Alcaligenes eutrophus) on N-metabolism was investigated. The bacteria were included into the diet at levels of 7 and 14% at the expense of extracted soyabean meal. Thus bacterial "pure protein" (bacterial non-nucleic acid N X X 6.25) amounted to 30 and 60% of the protein of the ration. Consuming 2 kg of feed dry matter per day the animals of the control group (I) and the experimental groups (II and III) ingested 48 g, 52 g and 55 g of total N respectively. The difference in N-intake is explained by the additional nucleic acid-N, amounting to 19,8% of total bacterial N. Daily weight gain (on average 1054 g) and feed conversion efficiency (feed ingested/weight gain; on average 1,9) were relatively improved at the highest dietary level of bacterial cell mass. Faecal N-excretion was increased significantly, whereas renal N-excretion remained unchanged. Mean apparent N-digestibility was 87,4% showing no significant difference between the experimental groups. N-balance values were noticibly increased following the intake of the bacterial protein supplement. The excretion of urinary urea-N was slightly reduced whereas 4-6 times as much allantoin-N was excreted when bacteria were fed. It is calculated that about 80% of the bacterial purines are renally excreted as allantoin and uric acid.  相似文献   

Genetic resistance to Leukosis virus infection: effects on mortality and egg production in Leghorn hens     

W Hartmann  D vd Hagen  G Heil 《British poultry science》1984,25(1):43-52

The influence of genotypic differences in resistance to infection from Lymphoid Leukosis (LL) on mortality and egg production was studied in three pairs of sublines. One subline of each pair had been selected for resistance and the other for susceptibility to infection. At 10 months of age, almost no hens with neutralising antibodies against LL were found in the resistant sublines, while in each susceptible subline more than 40% of the hens had LL antibodies. At 21 months of age, very few hens of the resistant sublines had group-specific (gs) antigen in their eggs. Susceptible sublines differed considerably in this respect, from 81% gs antigen-positive hens in one subline to 9% or no positive hens in the others. On the whole, the susceptible sublines had 6% higher mortality during the laying period (8 months) but the size of the difference was influenced by vaccination against Marek's disease (MD) and varied considerably between pairs of sublines. Significant interactions between strain and genotype of resistance to LL infection were observed for mortality from "other causes" in hens vaccinated against MD, as well as for mortality from "Leukosis" and from "MD" in non-vaccinated hens. The average rate of lay from 1 to 8 months was 8% lower in susceptible hens. In the subline with the highest frequency of eggs containing LL group-specific antigen in the albumen, the reduction of laying rate was twice as large as in the other susceptible sublines.  相似文献   

A mathematical representation of the Ovulatory cycle of the domestic hen     

R.J. Etches  J.P. Schoch 《British poultry science》1984,25(1):65-76

1. The ovulatory cycle of the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus) was postulated to be the result of the interaction of two independent systems.

2. A circadian system was postulated to control the restriction of ovulation to an 8‐h period of the day under conventional 14 h light: 10 h dark regimes.

3. The final phase of follicular maturation was postulated to commence after ovulation of the preceding ovum in the hierarchy.

4. Ovulation was postulated to occur when a mature follicle was present in the ovary during the appropriate phase of the circadian‐linked system.

5. The predicted times of oviposition were within the standard error of the observed times of oviposition under 21‐, 24‐ and 28‐h photoschedules.

6. It was concluded that this hypothesis for the control of the ovulatory cycle of the hen is consistent with current knowledge.  相似文献   

Choice of social conditions by laying hens     

M. C. Appleby  Helen E. McRae  I. J. H. Duncan  A. Bisazza 《British poultry science》1984,25(1):111-117

1. To test the preferences of hens for particular social conditions when laying, they were provided with choices of nest‐sites varying in seclusion. Three experimental conditions were used.

2. In Experiment 1, nest‐site selection by members of a group of light hybrids was studied in a complex pen‐system. Eggs were clumped in distribution ; only one individual laid in the most secluded part of the system.

3. Experiment 2 provided light hybrids with an extensive outdoor area, but similarly clumped laying was observed; there was no indication that hens attempted to find concealment for nesting.

4. In Experiment 3, hens from a group of light hybrids just coming into lay and from a group of mature medium hybrids were tested singly, in an area that included a cage containing some of their flockmates. Most subjects from both groups laid near the other birds rather than in isolation.

5. In semi‐intensive conditions, the majority of hens are apparently gregarious rather than solitary in their nesting behaviour.  相似文献   

Salmon poisoning disease in dogs on southern vancouver island          下载免费PDF全文

Booth AJ  Stogdale L  Grigor JA 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1984,25(1):2-6

Salmon poisoning disease in dogs has previously been reported in North America only along the western coast of the U.S.A. This paper presents the findings from eight affected dogs recently diagnosed on Vancouver Island, Canada. The clinical signs shown by these dogs were lethargy, anorexia, pyrexia and lymph node enlargement. The causative agent, Neorickettsia helminthoeca was observed in macrophages obtained from lymph node aspirates. This organism is transmitted to dogs in cysts of the fluke Nanophyetus salmincola salmincola within the tissues of the salmon or trout. The presence of fluke eggs in the feces of dogs showing typical signs is very suggestive of a diagnosis of salmon poisoning disease. Appropriate treatment, including chloramphenicol or oxytetracycline and fluid therapy, resulted in recovery. Prevention of salmon poisoning disease in endemic areas can be achieved by advising owners against allowing their dogs to eat raw salmon or trout. We suggest, based on the diagnoses made in these eight dogs, that Vancouver Island now be considered an endemic area for salmon poisoning disease.  相似文献