The effect of moderate hypovolemia on cardiopulmonary function in dogs     

Steve C. Haskins  DVM  MS  DACVECC    Peter J. Pascoe  BVSc  DACVA    Jan E. Ilkiw  BVSc  PhD    Mack Fudge  DVM  MPVM  DACVECC    Kate Hopper  BVSc  DACVECC    Janet Aldrich  DVM 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2005,15(2):100-109

Objective: To collate canine cardiopulmonary measurements from previously published and unpublished studies in instrumented, unsedated, normovolemic and moderately hypovolemic dogs. Design: Collation of data obtained from original investigations in our research laboratory. Setting: Research laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine. Subjects: Sixty‐eight dogs. Interventions: Subjects were percutaneously instrumented with an arterial catheter and a thermodilution cardiac output catheter. A femoral artery catheter was percutaneously placed for blood removal. Measurements and main results: Body weight, arterial and mixed‐venous pH and blood gases, arterial, pulmonary arterial, pulmonary artery occlusion, and central venous blood pressure, cardiac output, and core body temperature were measured. Body surface area, bicarbonate concentration, standard base excess, cardiac index (CI), stroke volume, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, left and right ventricular work and stroke work indices, left and right rate‐pressure product, alveolar PO₂, alveolar–arterial PO₂ gradient, arterial and mixed‐venous and pulmonary capillary oxygen content, oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption, oxygen extraction, venous admixture, arterial and venous blood carbon dioxide content, arterial–venous carbon dioxide gradient, carbon dioxide production were calculated. In 68 dogs, hypovolemia sufficient to decrease mean arterial blood pressure (ABPm) to an average of 62 mmHg, was associated with the following changes: arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂) decreased from 40.0 to 32.9 mmHg; arterial base deficit (BDa) increased from ?2.2 to ?6.3 mEq/L; lactate increased from 0.85 to 10.7 mm /L, and arterial pH (pHa) did not change. Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂) increased from 100.5 to 108.3 mmHg while mixed‐venous PO₂ (PmvO₂) decreased from 49.1 to 34.1 mmHg. Arterial and mixed‐venous oxygen content (CaO₂ and CmvO₂) decreased from 17.5 to 16.5 and 13.8 to 9.6 mL/dL, respectively. The alveolar–arterial PO₂ gradient (A‐a PO₂) increased from 5.5 to 8.9 mmHg while venous admixture decreased from 2.9% to 1.4%. The ABPm decreased from 100 to 62 mmHg; pulmonary arterial pressure (PAPm) decreased from 13.6 to 6.4 mmHg; and pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure (PAOP) decreased from 4.9 to 0.1 mmHg. CI decreased from 4.31 to 2.02 L/min/m². Systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance (SVRI and PVRI) increased from 1962 to 2753 and 189 to 269 dyn s/cm⁵, respectively. Oxygen delivery (DO₂) decreased from 787 to 340 mL/min/m² while oxygen consumption (VO₂) decreased from 172 to 141 mL/min/m². Oxygen extraction increased from 20.9% to 42.3%. Conclusions: Moderate hypovolemia caused CI and oxygen delivery to decrease to 47% and 42% of baseline. Oxygen extraction, however, doubled and, therefore, oxygen consumption decreased only to 82% of baseline.  相似文献   

VCARS – veterinary computerized anesthetic record system     

JE Ilkiw  CM Brandt 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2005,32(4):3-3

VCARS, the Veterinary Computerized Anesthetic Record System, has been developed to capture pre-, peri- and post-anesthetic data using Tablet PCs, 802.11b wireless networks, and a web-based database. Patient demographics, anticipated procedures and anesthetist, service information and hematologic and chemistry values are imported from the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital patient information system. Using a wireless Tablet PC, pre-anesthetic examination findings are recorded and an anesthetic plan including anesthetic drugs and anesthetic and monitoring equipment is developed. During induction and maintenance of anesthesia, physiologic variables, drug, fluid, anesthetic gas and oxygen administration, laboratory values, patient location, and important events can be charted with the simplicity of a paper anesthetic record. This information can be manipulated for display in a variety of ways depending on the specific needs of the case. Tools for calculating optimal fluid rates and drug dosages are incorporated into the design. The anesthetic records from multiple cases can be viewed simultaneously using a centrally-located monitor. Detailed audit trails ensure data integrity. A high-end search engine will allow rapid and complete retrieval of patient and anesthetic information. Macromedia flash is used to allow temporary disconnection from the wireless network without losing the ability to view, add, or edit data. The initial stages of software development are nearing completion, a wireless network is in place and hardware is being purchased. A pilot study will be conducted using manual entry of physiologic data prior to integration of automatically captured patient physiological variables. It is anticipated that this system will drastically improve the accuracy of data collection and retrieval and will provide important information about anesthetic management allowing improvement in overall patient care.  相似文献   

Mammalian Sperm Energy Resources Management and Survival during Conservation in Refrigeration     

JE Rodriguez-Gil 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2006,41(S2):11-20

  相似文献   

OC1
Effects of Cryopreservation on the Expression of Glut‐3, Glut‐5 and As‐A Proteins in Iberian Boar Sperm Membranes     

S Sancho  I Casas  E Pinart  M Briz  N Garcia‐Gil  J Bassols  A Pruneda  E Bussalleu  M Yeste  E Flores  JE Rodríguez‐Gil  H. Ekwall  H. Rodríguez‐Martínez  S Bonet 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2006,41(Z2):103-103

In order to determine the injure produced in boar spermatozoa through cryopreservation process, we analyzed the expression of the hexose transporters Glut‐3 and Glut‐5 and the zona pellucida binding protein As‐A (P68) in three different steps of the freezing‐thawed protocol: at 17°C (fresh BTS‐diluted semen, 1 : 2 v/v, step 1), at 5°C (after glycerol addition; step 2), and post‐thawing (step 3). All sperm analyses were carried out with immunogold techniques under electronic microscopy. For this study eight healthy post‐pubertal Iberian boars were submitted to a collection of twice per week through 3 months, evaluating two ejaculates from each boar. Glut‐3 maintains the expression in the acrosome region post‐thawing but not along the tail where is reduced. The expression of Glut‐5 and As‐A is majority located at the post‐acrosome region of the spermatozoa at step 1, but in step 2 and step 3 this expression is relocated to sperm tail area. In conclusion, while cryopreservation affects the localization and the expression of Glut‐3 and Glut‐5, its fertilizing capacity is not significantly reduced. The stabilization of boar semen at 5°C was found to be the most crucial step for sperm survival.  相似文献   

Comparison of the efficacy of macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics,either singly or in combination with other anthelmintic(s), in nine beef herds in southern NSW     

MB Allworth  B Goonan  JE Nelson  G Kelly  SR McGrath  RG Woodgate 《Australian veterinary journal》2023,101(8):293-295

Anthelmintic resistance (AR) is a well-recognized challenge in farmed ruminants. The use of anthelmintics in combination is one of the strategies recommended to slow the rate of AR development. Two studies were undertaken in 2017 and 2019 to assess the efficacy of single-dose macrocyclic lactone (ML) anthelmintic and ML combination drenches. In total, 11 Faecal Egg Count Reduction Trials (FECRTs) were set up in 10 different beef herds, with results available from 10 of those FECRTs (9 herds). AR to a single ML anthelmintic was detected in all 9 herds, with resistance to Cooperia and Haemonchus spp on 9 farms, and resistance to Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus spp on 2 farms. In contrast, for the ML combination anthelmintics, all FECRTs resulted in efficacies of 99%–100%. The results suggest that cattle producers should strongly consider using combination drenches in their herds in preference to single actives.  相似文献   

Evaluation of transesophageal echo-Doppler ultrasonography for the measurement of aortic blood flow in anesthetized cats     

Rezende ML  Pypendop BH  Ilkiw JE 《American journal of veterinary research》2008,69(9):1135-1140

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of a transesophageal echo-Doppler ultrasonography (TED) technique for measurement of aortic blood flow (ABF) in relation to cardiac output (CO) measured by use of a thermodilution technique in anesthetized cats. ANIMALS: 6 adult cats (mean +/- SD body weight, 5 +/- 0.7 kg). PROCEDURES: Anesthesia was induced and maintained in cats by administration of isoflurane. A thermodilution catheter was placed in a pulmonary artery. The TED probe was positioned in the esophagus in the region where the aorta and esophagus are almost parallel. Five baseline values for ABF and CO were concurrently recorded. Cats were randomly assigned to a high or low CO state (increase or decrease in CO by at least 25% from baseline, respectively). Baseline conditions were restored, and the other CO state was induced, after which baseline conditions were again restored. For each CO state, ABF and CO were measured 5 times at 5-minute intervals. Correlation and agreement between the techniques were determined by use of the Pearson product-moment correlation and Bland-Altman method. RESULTS: CO ranged from 0.16 to 0.75 L/min and ABF from 0.05 to 0.48 L/min. Overall data analysis revealed a high correlation (r = 0.884) between techniques but poor agreement (limits of agreement, -0.277 to 0.028 L/min). During the low CO state, correlation between techniques was low (r = 0.413). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: TED did not accurately measure CO. However, it allowed evaluation of CO patterns and may be useful clinically in anesthetized cats.  相似文献   

Associations between hoof shape and the position of the frontal plane ground reaction force vector in walking horses     

GR Colborne  JE Routh  KR Weir  JE McKendry  E Busschers 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2016,64(2):76-81

AIMS: To determine the frontal plane position of the ground reaction force vector at its centre of pressure under the hoof of walking horses, and its projection through the distal limb joints, and to relate this to hoof geometric measurements.

METHODS: Reflective markers were glued to the forelimb hooves and skin of 26 horses, over palpable landmarks representing centres of the coffin, fetlock and carpal joints, and the dorsal toe at its most distal point. A 4-camera kinematic system recorded the position of these markers as the horse walked in hand across a force platform, to generate a frontal plane representation of the ground reaction force vector passing between the markers at the joints. The position of the vector was calculated as the relative distance between the lateral (0%) and medial (100%) markers at each joint. Digital photos were taken of the hoof in frontal and sagittal views to determine hoof geometric measurements. Associations between these and the position of the force vector at each joint were examined using Pearson correlation coefficients.

RESULTS: Mean vector position for both forelimbs at the toe, coffin, fetlock and carpal joint was 50.1 (SD 8.9), 53.0 (SD 9.2), 54.6 (SD 11.4) and 50.5 (SD17.3)%, respectively, of the distance between the lateral and medial sides of the joint in the frontal plane. Across all four joints, the vector position was slightly more medial (2–4%) for the right than left limb (p>0.05). Medial hoof wall angle was correlated (p<0.05) with force vector position at the fetlock (r=?0.402) and carpal (r=?0.317) joints; lateral hoof wall angle with vector position at the toe (r=0.288) and carpal (r=?0.34) joint, and medial hoof wall height with vector position at the fetlock (r=?0.306) and carpal (r=?0.303) joints.

CONCLUSION: The position of the two-dimensional frontal plane ground reaction force vector at the toe, and at the fetlock and carpal joints was associated with hoof shape. Mediolateral hoof balance has been shown in vitro to affect articular forces, which may be a factor in development of joint disease. The effect of hoof shape needs to be evaluated at faster gaits to determine the potential for joint injury in the presence of larger forces.  相似文献   

Concentrations of buparvaquone in milk and tissue of dairy cows     

S McDougall  JE Hillerton  D Pegram 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2016,64(6):318-323

AIM: To determine the concentration of the anti-theilerial drug buparvaquone in the milk and tissue of dairy cattle following treatment with two different formulations, and to assess the effect of clinical theileriosis on the concentration of buparvaquone in milk.

METHODS: Healthy lactating dairy cows (n=25) were injected once (Day 0) I/M with 2.5?mg/kg of one of two formulations of buparvaquone (Butalex; n=12 or Bupaject; n=13). Milk samples were collected from all cows daily until Day 35. Five cows were slaughtered on each of Days 56, 119, 147, 203 and 328, and samples of liver, muscle and injection site tissue collected. Milk samples were also collected from cows (n=14) clinically affected with theileriosis for up to 21 days after treatment with buparvaquone. Milk and tissue samples were analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; limits of detection (LOD) were 0.00018?mg/kg for muscle and 0.00023?mg/L for milk. Concentrations of buparvaquone in milk and tissues were log₁₀-transformed for analysis using multivariate models.

RESULTS: In healthy cows, concentrations of buparvaquone in milk declined with time post-treatment (p<0.001), but were above the LOD in 11 of 25 cows at Day 35. Concentration in milk was higher one day after treatment in cows treated with Butalex than in cows treated with Bupaject, but not different thereafter (p=0.007). Concentrations of buparvaquone in muscle were below the LOD for four of five animals at Day 119 and for all animals by Day 147, but were above the LOD at the injection site of one cow, and in the liver of three cows at Day 328. Tissue concentrations did not differ with formulation nor was there a formulation by time interaction (p>0.3).

Concentrations of buparvaquone in the milk of clinically affected animals were not different from those of healthy animals at 1 and 21 days post-treatment (p=0.72). Between 21 and 25 days post-treatment concentrations were below the LOD in 9/14 milk samples from clinically affected cows.

CONCLUSIONS: Detectable concentrations of buparvaquone were found in the milk of some cows for at least 35 days and in the liver and injection site of some cows until at least 328 days after injection. There were no biologically meaningful differences in milk or tissue concentrations between the formulations, or in the milk concentrations for cows that were clinically affected compared with those that were healthy at the time of treatment.  相似文献   

CT-GUIDED BRAIN BIOPSY USING A MODIFIED PELORUS MARK III STEREOTACTIC SYSTEM: EXPERIENCE WITH 50 DOGS     

Philip D.  Koblik  DVM  MS  Richard A.  Lecouteur  BVSc  PhD  Robert J.  Higgins  BVSc  PhD  Andrew W.  Bollen  MD  Karen M.  Vernau  DVM  Gregg D.  Kortz  DVM  Janet E.  Ilkiw  BVSc  PhD 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1999,40(5):434-440

This report describes the results of CT-guided stereotactic brain biopsies performed on 50 consecutive dogs using a modified Pelorus Mark III Stereotactic System. Based on available histopathologic samples (stereotactic biopsy [n = 50], surgery [n = 17], necropsy [n = 9]) the patient population consisted of 34 dogs with primary brain tumors, 2 with invasive nasal adenocarcinomas, and 13 with non-neoplastic brain lesions. Brain tissue was not obtained from one dog. In 22 dogs a final diagnosis was made from tissue subsequently obtained from surgical resection or at necropsy. The final diagnosis was in agreement with the stereotactic biopsy diagnosis in 20 of these 22 dogs. In 17 other dogs without follow-up, stereotactic biopsy provided a diagnosis of a specific primary brain tumor subtype. Postoperative complications associated with the biopsy procedure were assessed in 41 dogs. The other 9 dogs either went directly to surgery (n = 7) or were killed (n = 2) immediately after the biopsy procedure. Thirty-six dogs recovered without apparent clinical complications. Postoperative clinical complications in the remaining 5 dogs included transient epistaxis (1 dog), transient exacerbation of cerebellar signs (1 dog), obtundation progressing to coma (1 dog), and medically uncontrollable seizures (2 dogs). The latter 3 dogs with severe neurologic complications all had large primary brain tumors and had been receiving high doses of phenobarbital and glucocorticoids to control seizures at the time of biopsy. These results suggest that this CT-guided biopsy procedure can provide an accurate pathologic diagnosis of brain lesions detected by CT and MR neuroimaging. Further refinement of both technique and case selection is expected to reduce the rate of clinical complications and to improve the accuracy of the procedure.  相似文献   

Efficacy of doxorubicin as an induction agent for cats with lymphosarcoma     

AE PEASTON  JE MADDISON 《Australian veterinary journal》1999,77(7):442-444

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of doxorubicin when used alone in inducing remission in cats with lymphosarcoma. DESIGN: Prospective multi-institutional study of naturally occurring disease. METHODS: Cases were accrued from veterinary institutions in Australia and New Zealand after obtaining consent from informed owners. Cats were treated with doxorubicin every 3 weeks for three treatments. If there was no response to the first dose of doxorubicin or if the cat relapsed during the doxorubicin regimen, the cat was withdrawn from the trial and either euthanased or treated with other agents. Age, breed, gender and anatomic site of the lymphosarcoma (multicentric, alimentary, mediastinal, extranodal) were recorded for each cat. Clinical remission was assessed before each treatment by physical examination, radiography, ultrasonography and computed tomography where appropriate. Complete remission was defined as the disappearance of all clinical signs and clinically detectable tumour. RESULTS: Twenty-one cases were accrued over a 2-year-period but only 19 were available for data analysis. Young Siamese cats were over-represented and all cats with mediastinal tumours were young Siamese. There was a significant difference between the mean ages of cats with mediastinal or multicentric lymphosarcoma (mean +/- SD: 3.5 +/- 3.0 and 4.3 +/- 2.6 years, respectively) and cats with alimentary or extranodal LSA (11.4 +/- 0.9 and 11.0 +/- 0.9 years, respectively). Of 19 cats treated with doxorubicin alone, 6 (32%) had complete remission, 6 (32%) had partial remission and 7 (36%) did not respond. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that doxorubicin cannot be recommended as a single agent for treatment of feline lymphosarcoma because of the rather poor remission rate achieved.  相似文献