Evaluating ecological‐niche factor analysis as a modelling tool for environmental weed management in island systems     

H Costa  V Medeiros  E B Azevedo  L Silva 《Weed Research》2013,53(3):221-230

Management actions are essential for mitigating the potentially harmful changes in biodiversity, ecosystem function and crop/forest productivity caused by invasive species. Species distribution models, if reliable, could be used to design effective management strategies. Although several modelling methods well suited for studying invasive species have been developed for presence‐only data, often the size of available data sets for modelling is small and results are not validated with test samples. Moreover, the impact of such methods in practical applications has been overlooked. Here, we evaluated the reliability of the modelling approach based on ecological‐niche factor analysis (ENFA) implemented in Biomapper software when applied to environmental weed data in the Azores. Presence‐only data sets of two top invasive woody species (Pittosporum undulatum and Acacia melanoxylon) were used. The continuous Boyce curve was used for validation, calculated either in Biomapper (cross‐validation) or based on test samples. The species' most habitable areas that should be regarded as management targets were thus estimated from modelling and validation. By imposing size restrictions on the presence‐only data sets used in modelling and validation, other habitable areas were defined and compared. The ENFA proved to be a suitable method for modelling environmental weed distributions, regardless of the presence‐only dataset size. Moreover, the cross‐validation of Biomapper was reliable, although its results should be interpreted with caution as they could potentially lead to statistically different management target areas.  相似文献   

Development and validation of a set of standard area diagrams to estimate severity of potato early blight     

Henrique Silva Silveira Duarte  Laércio Zambolim  Alexandre Sandri Capucho  Antonio Fernandes Nogueira Júnior  André Wilson Campos Rosado  Carine Rezende Cardoso  Pierce Anderson Paul  Eduardo Seiti Gomide Mizubuti 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2013,137(2):249-257

Standard area diagrams (SADs) to assess the severity of potato early blight (Alternaria grandis) on leaves of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were developed and validated. The proposed SADs include images of leaves with 10 distinct disease severities (0.1, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 %). The SADs were validated by 12 raters who had no previous experience in evaluating plant disease. Lin’s concordance correlation analysis of estimated vs. actual disease severity (based on image analysis) showed that precision and accuracy improved for most raters using the SADs, compared to assessments made without the SADs. The SADs improved accuracy (coefficient of bias, C _b ?=?0.97 and 0.99, without and with SADs, respectively) and agreement (Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient, ρ _c ?=?0.91 and 0.98 without and with SADs, respectively) of the estimates of severity. Severity estimates were more reliable when using SADs (coefficient of determination, R ² ?=?0.80 unaided and R ² ?=?0.95 with SADs, and the intra-class correlation ρ?=?0.86 without SADs and ρ?=?0.97 using the SADs). The SADs improved raters’ ability to accurately, precisely and reliably estimate potato early blight severity, and as such can be used to assess severity for several purposes, including breeding for resistance, fungicide screening, and pathotype characterization.  相似文献   

Brassica oleracea L. Var. costata DC and Pieris brassicae L. aqueous extracts reduce methyl methanesulfonate-induced DNA damage in V79 hamster lung fibroblasts     

Sousa C  Fernandes F  Valentão P  Rodrigues AS  Coelho M  Teixeira JP  Silva S  Ferreres F  Guedes de Pinho P  Andrade PB 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(21):5380-5387

Brassica oleracea L. var. costata DC leaves and Pieris brassicae L. larvae aqueous extracts were assayed for their potential to prevent/induce DNA damage. None of them was mutagenic at the tested concentrations in the Ames test reversion assay using Salmonella His(+) TA98 strains, with and without metabolic activation. In the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase mutation assay using mammalian V79 fibroblast cell line, extracts at 500 μg/mL neither induced mutations nor protected against the mutagenicity caused by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). In the comet assay, none of the extracts revealed to be genotoxic by itself, and both afforded protection, more pronounced for larvae extracts, against MMS-induced genotoxicity. As genotoxic/antigenotoxic effects of Brassica vegetables are commonly attributed to isothiocyanates, the extracts were screened for these compounds by headspace-solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. No sulfur compound was detected. These findings demonstrate that both extracts could be useful against damage caused by genotoxic compounds, the larvae extract being the most promising.  相似文献   

Further knowledge on the phenolic profile of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Shott     

Ferreres F  Gonçalves RF  Gil-Izquierdo A  Valentão P  Silva AM  Silva JB  Santos D  Andrade PB 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(28):7005-7015

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Shott, commonly called taro, is an ancient species selected for its edible tuber. Its huge "elephant ear" like leaves are also consumed in sauces and stews or as soups. Forty-one phenolic metabolites (11 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and 30 glycosylated flavonoids) were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS(n)) in the leaves of two C. esculenta varieties cultivated in Azores Islands. To our knowledge, 34 of the 41 phenolic compounds are being reported for the first time in this species. Phenolics quantification was achieved by an HPLC-DAD accurate and sensitive validated method. Although the qualitative profile of the two varieties is quite similar, quantitative differences were observed between them. "Giant white" and "red" varieties (local denomination) contain, respectively, ca. 14 and 21% of phenolic acids, 37 and 28% of flavones mono-C-glycosides, 42 and 43% of flavones di-C-glycosides, 3 and 4% of flavones mono-C-(O-glycosyl)glycosides, and both of them ca. 2% of flavones di-C-(O-glycosyl)glycosides and 2% of flavones-O-glycosides. Luteolin-6-C-hexoside was the compound present in higher amounts in both varieties. The established phenolic profile is an added value for the authenticity and quality control of C. esculenta and may be useful in the discrimination of its varieties.  相似文献   

Use of mycorrhizal seedlings on recovery of mined dunes in northeastern Brazil     

Renata G. Souza  Danielle Karla A. Silva  João Ricardo G. Oliveira  Bruno T. Goto  Fábio Sérgio B. Silva  Everardo V.S.B. Sampaio  Leonor C. Maia 《Pedobiologia》2012,55(6):303-309

The exploitation of minerals from coastal dunes in northeastern Brazil requires subsequent revegetation for ecosystem recovery. In mined dunes areas, we have compared the growth of Guazuma ulmifolia and Tabebuia roseo-alba seedlings using substrates containing 10 or 15% of cattle manure, uninoculated or inoculated with a mixture of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) or exotic AMF (Acaulospora longula). The inoculated plants had a higher percentage of colonization than those that were uninoculated. Plants of G. ulmifolia had the highest growth when inoculated with native AMF and fertilized with 10% manure or inoculated with A. longula and fertilized with 15% manure. In general, fertilization with 15% manure did not produce greater seedling development and had a negative effect on the effectiveness of the symbiosis. Twenty one AMF species were recorded in the planting areas at the end of the experiments, with a predominance of species that form acaulosporoid spores in areas with T. roseo-alba and gigasporoid spores in areas with G. ulmifolia plants. The incorporation of 10% cattle manure and native AMF in the substrate of T. roseo-alba and G. ulmifolia seedlings contributes to the initial establishment of plants in the field and to the incorporation of AMF propagules in the soil of the revegetated mined dunes.  相似文献   

Adsorption of Aromatic Compounds Under Magnetic Field Influence     

Juliana Ferreira de Brito  Laís de Oliveira Ferreira  Maísa Carla Ragozoni Pereira  Joaquim Paulo da Silva  Teodorico C. Ramalho 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(6):3545-3551

  相似文献   

Adsorption Kinetics of Blue 5G Dye from Aqueous Solution on Dead Floating Aquatic Macrophyte: Effect of pH, Temperature, and Pretreatment     

Márcia Regina Fagundes-Klen  Patricia Caroline Cervelin  Márcia Teresinha Veit  Gilberto da Cunha Gon?alves  Rosangela Bergamasco  Flávia Vieira da Silva 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(7):4369-4381

The textile industry is known to generate large quantities of effluents contaminated with dyes that are not fixed to the fibers during the dyeing process. The available technologies to remove these dyes from the wastewater are expensive and ineffective. Within this context, low-cost, easy-maintenance technologies for the removal of dyes have been studied, such as adsorption on aquatic macrophytes. Thus, the macrophyte Salvinia sp., raw or pretreated with NaOH or H₃PO₄, was used as biosorbent of Blue 5G reactive dye. The study showed that pH and temperature affect the dye removal capacity. The analysis of the infrared spectrum (FTIR) showed that chemical treatment of the Salvinia sp. modified the biomass surface and affected dye adsorption capacity. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model satisfactorily described the experimental data for raw and NaOH-pretreated biomass, and the pseudo-first-order model was more appropriate to describe the experimental data obtained with H₃PO₄-pretreated biomass. The highest capacity of Blue 5G dye removal was obtained with raw biomass, at 333?K and pH?1.0, with 98.35?% adsorption.  相似文献   

Removal of Anionic Pollutants from Waters and Wastewaters and Materials Perspective for Their Selective Sorption     

Patrícia F. Lito  José P. S. Aniceto  Carlos M. Silva 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(9):6133-6155

The presence of some anionic species, such as nitrate, nitrite, chloride, sulfide, fluoride, and cyanide, in water supplies may represent a serious environmental problem. In this work, the main sources and harmful effects of their bioaccumulation on living organisms are reviewed, as well as the most adopted technologies for their uptake. The major advantages and disadvantages of each methodology are also listed. In general, ion-exchange has been elucidated as the most suitable removal process. In view of that the most promising materials used to remove anionic pollutants from aqueous solutions are highlighted in this review. In particular, the major efforts towards the development of low-cost and easily available effective sorbents for water decontamination are covered. For instance, natural waste solid materials and derivatives have emerged as promising low-cost exchangers for selective anions uptake. Besides, a number of structural modifications including the introduction of more suitable surface functional groups or compensation species into the sorbent matrix have been investigated in order to enhance sorbents selectivity and capacity for anionic pollutants. The influence of speciation and removal conditions is also focused.  相似文献   

Wildlife sinks: Quantifying the impact of illegal bird trade in street markets in Brazil     

Rodrigo Farias Silva Regueira  Enrico Bernard 《Biological conservation》2012,149(1):16-22

Illegal wildlife trade is a widespread activity with direct impacts on biodiversity and street markets are frequently pointed out as hotspots in the wildlife trade route. However, due to its illegal character, it is difficult to accurately estimate how many individuals and how much money are handled by traders. Precise data on the number of individuals and species involved, and the drivers behind the illegal wildlife trade are essential for fighting it. We use the example of the metropolitan area of Recife, in northeastern Brazil, a well-known route of illegal wildlife in the country, to access the extent and impact street markets may have on biodiversity. We present quantitative and qualitative information on the illegal trade of wild birds in eight street markets in the area, indicating which species are preferred and why, estimating the number of animals and the volume of money involved, and quantifying the impact that the removal of those animals may have. We observed a high and diversified species offer, biased towards adult male songbirds, with birds of 15 families and 55 species on sale. Birds are kept in poor conditions and some individuals are sold for as little as US$ 1.00. However, we projected that up to 50,000 wild birds may be sold annually in the markets surveyed, including possibly 16,800 individuals of Sporophila nigricollis (the yellow-bellied seedeater), the most frequently observed species. The activity is profitable and may deal with significant amounts of money (up to nearly US$ 630,000.00/year). The numbers involved indicate that street markets are significant wildlife sinks, with a large and frequently ignored impact that must be taken into account in the control and conservation of the biodiversity, not just in Brazil but elsewhere.  相似文献   

A study of potassium dynamics and mineralogy in soils from subtropical Brazilian lowlands     

Darines Britzke  Leandro Souza da Silva  Diovane Freire Moterle  Danilo dos Santos Rheinheimer  Edson Campanhola Bortoluzzi 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2012,12(2):185-197

Purpose  

The dynamics and availability of potassium (K) in soils depend on many factors, including the mineralogy of fractions and the soil geochemical conditions. The objective of this work is to quantify K in distinct lowland soil compartments in the south of Brazil, relating them to particle size fractions and mineralogical constitution.  相似文献