Ocean scale hypoxia‐based habitat compression of Atlantic istiophorid billfishes     

ERIC D. PRINCE  JIANGANG LUO  C. PHILLIP GOODYEAR  JOHN P. HOOLIHAN  DERKE SNODGRASS  ERIC S. ORBESEN  JOSEPH E. SERAFY  MAURICIO ORTIZ  MICHAEL J. SCHIRRIPA 《Fisheries Oceanography》2010,19(6):448-462

Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) below near‐surface optimums in the eastern tropical seas are among the largest contiguous areas of naturally occurring hypoxia in the world oceans, and are predicted to expand and shoal with global warming. In the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP), the surface mixed layer is defined by a shallow thermocline above a barrier of cold hypoxic water, where dissolved oxygen levels are ≤3.5 mL L^?1. This thermocline (～25–50 m) constitutes a lower hypoxic habitat boundary for high oxygen demand tropical pelagic billfish and tunas (i.e., habitat compression). To evaluate similar oceanographic conditions found in the eastern tropical Atlantic (ETA), we compared vertical habitat use of 32 sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) and 47 blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) monitored with pop‐up satellite archival tags in the ETA and western North Atlantic (WNA). Both species spent significantly greater proportions of their time in near‐surface waters when inside the ETA than when in the WNA. We contend that the near‐surface density of billfish and tunas increases as a consequence of the ETA OMZ, therefore increasing their vulnerability to overexploitation by surface gears. Because the ETA OMZ encompasses nearly all Atlantic equatorial waters, the potential impacts of overexploitation are a concern. Considering the obvious differences in catchability inside and outside the compression zones, it seems essential to standardize these catch rates separately to minimize inaccuracies in stock assessments for these species. This is especially true in light of global warming, which will likely exacerbate future compression impacts.  相似文献   

A Two-Sector Cross-Section Econometric Model of the 1970 Housing Stock     

JOSEPH RABIANSKI  JOHN SPITZER 《Growth and change》1978,9(2):2-8

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In Vivo Investigation of Communication Between the Distal Intertarsal and Tarsometatarsal Joints in Horses and Ponies     

BRENDON T. L. BELL BVSc  MS    GORDON J. BAKER BVSc  PhD  Diplomate ACVS    JONATHAN H. FOREMAN dvm  ms  Diplomate acvim  LOUISE C. ABBOTT dvm  PhD 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1993,22(4):289-292

The frequency of communication between the tarsometatarsal and distal intertarsal joints was investigated in 27 horses and 12 ponies. After the injection of diluted latex into the tarsometatarsal joints using the plantarolateral approach, the horses and ponies were walked for 200 meters. Latex was found in the distal intertarsal joints of 19 of 73 tarsi (26% communication) at necropsy. In 3 tarsi, latex was also found in the proximal intertarsal and tar-socrural joints.  相似文献   

Disposition of ampicillin administered intravenously and intratracheally to young calves     

PATRICIA E. LONG  JOSEPH A. GUARNIERI  DORIS V. HERBST  RICHARD H. TESKE 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》1983,6(4):273-279

The profile of the blood concentration of ampicillin vs time was compared in 24 calves after ampicillin administration (10 mg/kg body weight) by the intratracheal (i.t.) and the intravenous (i.v.) routes in a crossover study. In a subsequent study, 12 of the calves were given ampicillin i.v. and 12 were given ampicillin i.t.; at 15 min and 2 h after drug administration, the calves were killed and lungs, kidneys, liver, urine and plasma were collected for ampicillin assay. The mean ampicillin concentration in blood after i.v. treatment was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than after i.t. treatment. The mean ampicillin level in lungs after i.t. treatment was significantly higher than the level after i.v. treatment, but concentrations in kidneys, liver, urine and plasma after i.v. treatment were higher (but not significantly) than those after i.t. treatment.  相似文献   

Cardiovascular Effects of a Continuous Two-Hour Propofol Infusion in Dogs Comparison With Isoflurane Anesthesia   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

ROBERT D. KEEGAN dvm  Diplomate acva  STEPHEN A. GREENE dvm  ms  Diplomate acva 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1993,22(6):537-543

The cardiovascular effects during 2 hours of anesthesia with either a continuous propofol infusion or isoflurane were compared in the same six healthy dogs. Dogs were randomly assigned to be anesthetized with either propofol (5 mg/kg, IV administered over 30 seconds, immediately followed by a propofol infusion beginning at 0.4 mg/kg/min), or isoflurane (2.0% end-tidal concentration). The propofol infusion was adjusted to maintain a light plane of anesthesia. Dogs anesthetized with propofol had higher values for systemic arterial pressure due to higher systemic vascular resistance. Dogs anesthetized with isoflurane had higher values for heart rate and mean pulmonary artery pressure. Cardiac index was not different between the two groups. Apnea and cyanosis were observed during induction of anesthesia with propofol. At the end of anesthesia the mean time to extubation for dogs anesthetized with either propofol or isoflurane was 13.5 min and 12.7 min, respectively. A continuous infusion of propofol (0.44 mg/kg/min) provided a light plane of anesthesia. Ventilatory support during continuous propofol infusion is recommended.  相似文献   

Surgical Anatomy for Desmotomy of the Accessory Ligament of the Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon (Proximal Check Ligament) in Horses     

HENRY W. JANN dvm  ms  GREGORY A. BEROZA dvm  ma G. E. FACKELMAN dvm  Diplomateacvs 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1986,15(5):378-382

Dissections were performed to study the surgical anatomy for desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon (proximal check ligament [PCL]). The surgical approach was initiated by incising the skin cranial to the cephalic vein and caudal to the distal radius. A palpable foramen in the antebrachial fascia that transmits a branch of the cephalic vein was used to advance deeper dissection. After the antebrachial fascia was incised, the fan-shaped PCL was exposed by retracting the en-sheathed tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle caudally. Desmotomy was performed gradually to avoid severing branches of the palmar carpal rete that pervade the ligament. Complete transection was evidenced by visualization of the membranous roof of the carpal canal distally, the muscle belly of the radial head of the deep digital flexor centrally, and loose areolar connective tissue along the caudal radius proximally. The vessels of the palmar carpal rete were visible coursing between the severed edges of the PCL. This report highlights relevant anatomic landmarks to facilitate an accurate desmotomy.  相似文献   

Vascular Access Channeling to Increase Meniscal Regeneration in the Dog     

DON A. HULSE dvm  Diplomateacvs  PETER SHIRES bvsc  ms  Diplomateacvs  Y. Z. ABDELBAKI dvm  PhD  MARTIN HUGH-JONES mrcvs  PhD MICHAEL T. KEARNEY bs  ms 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1986,15(6):414-419

A technique to enhance meniscal regeneration following partial meniscectomy was investigated in the dog. Twenty-four dogs underwent a partial meniscectomy (to simulate excision of a bucket handle tear in the caudal body of the medial meniscus). The excision did not communicate with the synovia. Twelve of the dogs also received a vascular access channel in which an incision was made from the free cut edge of the meniscus to the vascular synovia. The dogs were terminated at 4,8, and 16 weeks for gross, vascular, and histologic examination of the operated menisci. In all dogs, and at all time periods, the dogs receiving a vascular access channel showed increased regeneration compared to dogs undergoing partial meniscectomy alone.  相似文献   

Cranial Approach to the Humerus for Repair of Fractures in Horses and Cattle     

PETER C. RAKESTRAW ma  vmd  ALAN J. NIXON bvsc  ms  Diplomateacvs  ROBERT E. KADERLY dvm  PhD  Diplomateacvs NORM G. DUCHARME dmv  msc  Diplomateacvs 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1991,20(1):1-8

A cranial approach to the humerus was developed for application of a compression plate for repair of comminuted humeral fractures in a weanling foal, a calf, a heifer, and a mature cow. An incision was made from the cranial portion of the greater tubercle of the humerus to the radius. The cranial aspect of the humerus was exposed by retraction of the brachiocephalicus muscle and blunt dissection between the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles. A second plate was applied laterally in the heifer and cow by retraction of the brachialis muscle and elevation of the extensor carpi radialis muscle. Successful fracture reduction, alignment, and stabilization were achieved in all four animals.  相似文献   

Urodynamic Evaluation of Lower Urinary Tract Function in Cats After Perineal Urethrostomy with Minimal and Extensive Dissection     

JILL E. SACKMAN dvm  MICHAEL H. SIMS PhD  D. J. KRAHWINKEL dvm  ms  Diplomate acva  acvs 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1991,20(1):55-60

Perineal urethrostomy was performed in five male cats with minimal, sharp intrapelvic transection of the ischiocavernous and ischiourethralis muscles and ventral penile ligaments, and in five male cats with extensive blunt intrapelvic dissection and sharp muscle transection. Urethral pressure profiles and cystometrograms with simultaneous fine wire electrode sphincter electromyography were performed in sedated cats before surgery and on days 14 and 28. Premicturition pressure, urethral opening pressure, maximum detrusor pressure, total volume infused, and residual volume were measured during cystometry, and maximal urethral closure pressure was measured during profilometry. A grading of (+), (++), or ( ) was used to represent the intensity of electromyographic activity. There was no difference between minimal and extensive dissection for any cystometrogram or profile variable at days 14 or 28. Urethral opening pressure and maximal detrusor pressure during cystometrography were higher in preoperative studies than after minimal or extensive dissection. Sphincter electromyography after surgery was not significantly different from preoperative results in either surgical group. The results of this study indicate that neither sharp nor blunt intrapelvic dissection significantly alters the postoperative urodynamic status in male cats.  相似文献   

Surgical Repair of Metacarpal Condylar Fractures with Palmar Osteochondral Comminution in Two Thoroughbred Horses     

STEPHEN B. ADAMS dvm  ms  diplomateacvs  TRACY A. TURNER dvm  ms  WILLIAM E. BLEVINS dvm  ms  diplomateacvr LARRY D. SHAMIS dvm  ms 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1985,14(1):32-35

Complete displaced lateral condylar fractures of the metacarpus with triangular osteochondral fragments at the palmar articular surface occurred in two Thoroughbred horses. The condylar fractures were repaired with cortical bone screws following removal of the osetochondral fragments via a dorsal arthrotomy and distraction of the condyles. One horse raced successfully after surgery, and the other is being used successfully as an English pleasure mount.  相似文献