Introduction of Irrigation Service Fee (ISF) in Indonesia: Institutional development in action for resources management     

Jan L. M. H. Gerards 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1992,6(3):223-247

The inability to properly maintain irrigation systems over time forced the Government of Indonesia (GOI) to seek cost recovery from water users through introduction of an irrigation service fee. The plan is to introduce this fee in all of the technical irrigation systems of Indonesia, covering about 4 million hectares, over a 12 year period. Design and Introduction of this service fee in 4 pilot areas of the 4 major rice producing provinces (West, Central and East Java, and South Sulawesi) during 1989–1991 has shown that users are willing to pay. Results of first ISF collection from over 11,000 farmers in Central and East Java in pilot systems was an encouraging 95%. However that acceptance to pay by users depends on their structured and systematic involvement in defining systems needs. They need to understand a differentiation in payment if service levels are different. They appreciate use of collected funds in the system where collected. They understand the organization of water users associations but this requires their active role in fee determination and collection. They understand the establishment of federations of these associations. ISF requires also active involvement of Local Government officials as facilitators and intermediaries between service receivers (the water users) and service providers (personnel of the Public Works irrigation department) in the introduction period. This article describes the experience of the first 21 months of the ISF project, the concept developed, the principles used as basis for ISF, the introduction at the field level, issues related to acceptance by users and by the institutions involved, and the first results.Abbreviations/Acronyms DGWRD Directorate General of Water Resources Development (Ministry of Public Works) - EOM Efficient Operation and Maintenance - Gabungan group of WUAs - IPAIR Indonesian abbreviation for ISF - ISF Irrigation Service Fee - Juru gate keeper - PBB land tax on irrigated lands - PPL agricultural field extension agent - P3A Indonesian abbreviation for Water Users Associations - PU Indonesian abbreviation for Public Works - SM Special Maintenance - WUA Water Users Associations  相似文献   

我国西部地区水电开发问题探讨   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

闫毅志  把多铎 《中国农村水利水电》2004,(5):75-77

水能资源是我国西部地区的优势资源，由于历史和政策的原因，开发利用程度相对较低，资源优势没有形成产业优势。在分析西部水能资源分布特点和开发现状的基础上，结合西部大开发和西电东送战略，提出目前水电产业存在的市场、政策和资金方面问题，探讨了加快西部水电开发的对策和建议。  相似文献   

Physiological interpretation of a hyperspectral time series in a citrus orchard     

Jan StuckensSebinasi Dzikiti  Willem W. Verstraeten  Stephan Verreynne  Rony Swennen  Pol Coppin 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2011,151(7):1002-1015

Hyperspectral remote sensing for monitoring horticultural production systems requires the understanding of how plant physiology, canopy structure, management and solar elevation affect the retrieved canopy reflectance during different stages of the phenological cycle. Hence, the objective of this study was to set up and to interpret a hyperspectral time series for a mature and healthy citrus orchard in the Western Cape province of South Africa considering these effects. Based on the remotely sensed data, biophysical parameters at the canopy level were derived and related to known observed physiological and phenological changes at the leaf level and to orchard management. Fractions of mature fruit, flowers, and sunburnt leaves were considered, and indices related to canopy structure chlorophyll content and canopy water status were calculated.Results revealed small cover fractions of mature fruit, flowers and sunburnt leaves of respectively 2.1%, 3.1% and 7.0%, but the high spectral contrast between flowers and leaves allowed a successful classification of flowering intensity. Furthermore, it was shown that canopy level time series of vegetation indices were sensitive to changes in solar elevation and soil reflectance which could be reduced by applying an empirical soil line correction for the most affected indices. Most trends in vegetation indices at the canopy level could be explained by a combination of changes at the leaf level (chlorophyll, carotenoids, dry matter), changes in canopy structure (leaf area index and leaf angle distribution) and changes in cover fractions of vegetative flushes, flowers and sunburnt leaves. The transformed chlorophyll absorption ratio index over the optimised soil adjusted vegetation index (MCARI/OSAVI) was best related to leaf level trends in chlorophyll content. Seasonal changes in the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) were linked to inverse changes in the carotenoid-to-chlorophyll ratio. Canopy structure indices (the modified triangular vegetation index or MTVI2 and the standardized leaf area index determining index or sLAIDI) were sensitive to changes in leaf area index, average leaf angle as well to management interactions (pruning and harvest). Canopy water status was highly impacted during the spring flush due to expanding leaves that concealed trends in the underlying mature leaves. Seasonal trends in soil and weeds reflectance were related to changes in volumetric soil water content and to the earlier and reduced growth period of non-irrigated weeds.  相似文献   

15℃以上平均气温显著影响温敏雄性不育小麦BNS的育性转换     

杜黎君  孙海燕  苏晴  巴爱丽  李友勇 《中国农业气象》2016,37(5):555-563

BNS是一个对温度敏感的小麦雄性不育系,敏感期低温表现不育,高温恢复可育。2014/2015年度小麦生育期间温度相对较高,但BNS的自交结实率比温度相对较低的2011/2012年度低50%以上。为探讨该现象产生的原因,对近4a（2012-2015年）小麦生育期的温度走向,以及温度与BNS自交结实率的关系进行分析。温度走向结果分析表明,不同冬、春温度变化显著影响BNS结实率,暖冬和寒春易降低结实率,寒冬和暖春可提高结实率。这些结果对BNS的影响可能是,暖冬穗发育加快,进入感温期早,再遇正常年份或暖春,育性转换完成快,结实率高,反之结实率低。2014/2015年度属典型暖冬和寒春气候特点,故BNS结实率严重下降。相关分析结果表明,BNS的自交结实率与播种-抽穗的各积温因子均呈负相关,而与翌年3月1日-抽穗的平均温度≥15℃有效积温和平均温度≥15℃的累积日数呈显著正相关;BNS育性转换的温度阈值为12℃,15℃以上温度对自交结实率影响显著;用两个正相关显著的温度参数建立的回归方程可预测BNS自交结实率。研究结果表明,15℃以上平均气温显著影响温敏雄性不育小麦BNS的育性转换,平均温度≥15℃有效积温和平均温度≥15℃的累积日数是两个重要的BNS育性转换温度因子参数。  相似文献   

内蒙古杭锦旗北部盐碱田温湿盐动态与生产利用     

杨泽龙  巴彦  冯日升  白利云  鲍彩霞  李夏子 《中国农业气象》2010,31(3):374-378

为探析水-热-盐关系以及植被对盐碱田改良的意义,利用2008年8月2日-8月6日在内蒙古杭锦旗黄河灌区盐碱田进行的试验观测数据,主要通过方差分析与典型相关分析方法对3个样地(裸地、紫花苜蓿地和玉米地)土壤温度(0-30cm土层)、湿度(0-20cm土层)、盐度(0-100cm土层)的动态变化进行了分析。结果表明,3个样地的温(度)-湿(度)-盐(度)动态基本呈现裸地苜蓿地玉米地的格局;0-5cm地温与耕作层(0-20cm)的土壤水分具有显著相关关系,是0-30cm土层内地温驱动水盐动态的主要热力因子;植物能够减少土壤表层积盐,并可以降低碱化度;苜蓿地比玉米地具有更低的钠吸附比值。在盐碱地区选择耐盐碱牧草品种开展草田轮作,有益于盐碱土壤的改良与利用。  相似文献   

3D upscaling of transpiration from leaf to tree using ground-based LiDAR: Application on a Mediterranean Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) tree     

Dimitry Van der Zande  Simone Mereu  Nadezhda Nadezhdina  Jan Cermak  Bart Muys  Pol Coppin  Fausto Manes 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2009,149(10):1573-1583

  相似文献   

Orosensory-directed identification of astringent mouthfeel and bitter-tasting compounds in red wine     

Hufnagel JC  Hofmann T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(4):1376-1386

Application of sequential solvent extraction, followed by HPLC combined with the taste dilution analysis, enabled the localization of the most intense velvety astringent, drying, and puckering astringent, as well as bitter-tasting, compounds in red wine, respectively. Isolation of the taste components involving gel adsorption chromatography, ultrafiltration, and synthesis revealed the identification of 26 sensory-active nonvolatiles, among which several hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavon-3-ol glycosides, and dihydroflavon-3-ol rhamnosides as well as a structurally undefined polymeric fraction (>5 kDa) were identified as the key astringent components. In contradiction to literature suggestions, flavan-3-ols were found to be not of major importance for astringency and bitter taste, respectively. Surprisingly, a series of hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl esters and hydroxycinnamic acid ethyl esters were identified as bitter compounds in wine. Taste qualities and taste threshold concentrations of the individual wine components were determined by means of a three-alternative forced-choice test and the half-mouth test, respectively.  相似文献   

Micro-scaled high-throughput digestion of plant tissue samples for multi-elemental analysis     

Thomas H Hansen  Kristian H Laursen  Daniel P Persson  Pai Pedas  Søren Husted  Jan K Schjoerring 《Plant methods》2009,5(1):12-11

Background  

Quantitative multi-elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry depends on a complete digestion of solid samples. However, fast and thorough sample digestion is a challenging analytical task which constitutes a bottleneck in modern multi-elemental analysis. Additional obstacles may be that sample quantities are limited and elemental concentrations low. In such cases, digestion in small volumes with minimum dilution and contamination is required in order to obtain high accuracy data.  相似文献   

Genetic relationships among resynthesized,semi-resynthesized and natural <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> L. genotypes     

Katarzyna Sosnowska  Teresa Cegielska-Taras  Alina Liersch  Wojciech M. Karłowski  Jan Bocianowski  Laurencja Szała  Katarzyna Mikołajczyk  Wiesława Popławska 《Euphytica》2017,213(9):212

The allopolyploidization event that created cultivated oilseed rape Brassica napus L, followed by intense breeding, reduced its genetic diversity. Resynthesized (RS) B. napus L. obtained by interspecific hybridization between genotypes of B. rapa L. and B. oleracea L. can be a valuable source for broadening genetic diversity in cultivated oilseed rape. In this study, we determined the extent of DNA polymorphism among natural accessions of oilseed rape, resynthesized B. napus, their parental species and double-low quality semi-RS lines carrying the Rfo gene. Using 10 selected primer combinations, 522 polymorphic AFLP markers were scored in the complete set of 100 Brassica sp. To detect relationships between these genotypes, a cluster analysis was performed using the Jaccard’s distance. Resynthesized allopolyploids clustered directly between their diploid parents. Cultivated accessions of oilseed rape created a compact group away from resynthesized allopolyploids as well as semi-RS lines. The natural oilseed rape group, which consists of 49 cultivars and breeding lines of oilseed rape, is characterized by lower genetic diversity than the group of 33 accessions of resynthesized oilseed rape, and the analysis showed that the double-low quality semi-RS lines represent a specific genetic variation of B. napus. The de novo resynthesized B. napus lines and the semi-RS lines of double-low quality generated from them, provide a significant opportunity for enrichment the gene pool of oilseed rape.  相似文献   

Induced expression of selected plant defence related genes in pot azalea, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhododendron simsii</Emphasis> hybrid     

Gil Luypaert  Johan Witters  Johan Van Huylenbroeck  Patrick De Clercq  Jan De Riek  Ellen De Keyser 《Euphytica》2017,213(10):227

A set of putative marker genes to study plant defense responses against Polyphagotarsonemus latus, a key pest in the production of Rhododendron simsii hybrids, was selected and validated. Genes belonged to the biosynthetic pathway of phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA) (RsLOX, RsAOS, RsAOC, RsOPR3 and RsJMT) and salicylic acid (SA) (RsPAL and RsICS). Furthermore, RsPPO, a putative marker gene for oxidative stress response was successfully cloned from R. simsii. A CTAB-based extraction protocol was optimized to assure excellent RNA quality for subsequent RT-qPCR analysis. The RT-qPCR protocol was extensively tested and RsRG7 and RsRG14 were selected as reference genes from a geNorm pilot study. Validation of the marker genes was done after application with elicitors [methyl jasmonate (MeJA), coronatine, β-aminobutyric acid and acibenzolar-Smethyl] or wounding. Both 100 μM MeJA and 0.1 μM coronatine had a significant effect on the expression of all marker genes. Foliar application of MeJA on the shoots resulted in a significantly earlier response when compared to root application and subsequent sampling of the shoots. Expression patterns after MeJA treatment were generally the same in six R. simsii genotypes: ‘Nordlicht’, ‘Elien’, ‘Aiko Pink’, ‘Michelle Marie’, ‘Mevrouw Gerard Kint’ and ‘Sachsenstern’. Wounding resulted in the same expression patterns as MeJA treatment except for RsJMT. None of the genotypes showed a significant induction of the latter gene 6 h upon wounding. Findings of these experiments indicated that the tolerant genotype ‘Elien’ has low basal expression levels of RsPPO. This might be the first step towards the breeding of mite-tolerant genotypes.  相似文献