DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF VIGNA RADIATA L. TO VARIED DOSES OF CHLORPYRIFOS     

Talat Parween  Sumira Jan  Mahmooduzzafar  Tasneem Fatma 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(10):1565-1577

Twenty-day old seedlings were exposed to different concentrations ranging from 0–1.5 mM of chlorpyrifos through foliar spray in the field condition. The seedlings were uprooted for analyses and observed at the preflowering (five days after treatment, DAT), flowering (10 DAT) and post-flowering (20 DAT) stages for various morphological parameters such as plant height, number of branches, leaves per plant, total leaf area, plant biomass and photosynthetic pigments viz. Chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, Total Chl, and Carotenoid (Car) content. Yield attributing characters like number of pods plant^?1, number of seeds pod^?1 and weight of 100 seeds were analyzed from both control and treated plant after harvest stage. All the growth parameters, pigments’ activity and yield parameters increased at 0.3 mM insecticidal treatment, when compared with control. Further increases in insecticide level had a negative impact upon all studied parameters.  相似文献   

The effect of chloride and sulphate salts on the nitrate content in lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.)     

Greet Blom‐Zandstra  Jan E. M. Lampe 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(7):611-628

The effect of chloride and sulphate on the nitrate accumulated in lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L., cv. deci minor) under low light conditions was examined. The plants were grown on a complete nutrient solution for circa 45 days and then chloride was substituted for the nitrate in the nutrient solution. In another experiment, sulphate was substituted for the nitrate in the nutrient solution. Approximately 5 days later a reduction in growth occurred. The nitrate in the plants was not completely exhausted and was very slowly available for reduction both in the leaf blades and midribs. It was immaterial whether sulphate or chloride was substituted for nitrate in the nutrient solution. Chloride was taken up from the solution but sulphate was not. In plants in both treatments, sugars accumulated concomitantly with the decrease in nitrate content.

The actual nitrate reductase activity in the leaf blades decreased several days after the chloride and sulphate treatments began and was negligible on day 12. Nevertheless, the potential nitrate reductase activity of the treated plants was still 50% of the control.

It is suggested that the availability of nitrate from the storage pool is the limiting process for nitrate reductase activity, and is independent of the metabolic demand. For commercial growers it may be of advantage to use hydroponics in which the nitrate can be removed easily several days before harvest, to reduce high nitrate contents in vegetables, particularly under low light conditions.  相似文献   

Long-term effect of straw and farmyard manure on soil organic matter in field experiment in the Czech Republic     

Tomáš Šimon  Olga Mikanová  Dana Cerhanová 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(9):1193-1205

The effect of long-term (45 years) mineral and organic fertilization on soil organic matter (SOM) quantity (organic C and N content) and quality (hot-water-soluble C content, microbial biomass C content, hydrophobic organic components of SOM, soil enzyme activities) was determined in a field experiment established in Trutnov (North Bohemia, sandy loam, Eutric Cambisol). Six treatments were chosen for investigation: unfertilized control, mineral fertilization (NPK), straw N, farmyard manure (FYM) and straw and FYM completed with mineral NPK. Soil samples were taken from the arable layer (0–20 cm) in spring over the period of 2004–2010. The positive effect of FYM on the total organic C and N content, hot-water-soluble C content and hydrophobic organic components of SOM was more than 50% higher than that of straw and mineral N fertilization. Application of straw N increased microbial biomass C content in soil and generated invertase activity above the level of FYM. Hot-water-soluble C content, hydrophobic organic components of SOM and urease activity were positively correlated with total organic C and N content (R = 0.58–0.98; p < 0.05). Addition of mineral NPK to both the straw and FYM emphasized the effect of organic fertilization in most of monitored characteristics.  相似文献   

Soil Organic Matter Content and Quality in Polyfactorial Field Experiments     

Jaromir Kubat  Dana Cerhanova  Jitka Novakova  Jan Lipavsky 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(2):131-140

The polyfactorial long-term field experiments founded in 1979 exist in four different sites till the present time. The experimental design and selected variants have been described in our previous paper (Lipavsky et al. 2002). Besides of the organic carbon and nitrogen contents in soil, dry matter of the main and second products, nitrogen uptake by the main and second products presented in our previous paper (Lipavsky et al, 2002), hot water soluble carbon (C hwl ), humic substances, e.g. humic and fulvic acids have been determined in soil samples taken in autumn each year from six selected variants of organic and mineral fertilisation. The results of the hot water soluble carbon content and humic and fulvic acids contents in the air dried soil samples have been evaluated in this paper. It was shown that humic substances are rather conservative and site specific soil properties that are not much affected by the cropping and fertilisation systems. Hot water soluble carbon, on the other hand, seems to be a dynamic part of the soil organic matter.  相似文献   

Ion Equilibrium in the Soil Solution in Long-term Fertilization Experiment on Sandy Soil     

Jan Łabętowicz  Beata Rutkowska  Wiesław Szulc 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(5):445-449

In the conditions of long-term experiment carried out in the experimental field of Warsaw Agricultural University - SGGW at _ yczyn, ion concentration in the soil solution were examined as well as the relationships shaped between ions in the soil solution due to long-term diversified mineral and organic fertilization. Soil solution was obtained by the vacuum method and the concentration of particular ions in the soil solution was determined by the ICP method. Mineral and organic fertilization and liming significantly affected chemical composition of the soil solution and the relationships between particular ions in the soil solution. The lowest concentration of ions in the soil solution was observed in the control plots (not fertilized). Mineral and organic fertilization as well as liming caused the increase of ion concentration in the soil solution. In the plots with mineral fertilization alone K + and NH + 4 ions predominated in the cation structure in the soil solution. In the case of liming the share of Ca 2+ ions increased. Independently from the system of fertilization used, CI m and HCO m 3 ions predominated in the anion structure. The application of organic fertilization affected to the highest degree the concentration of aluminium ion in the soil solution significantly limiting the share of this ion in the cation structure.  相似文献   

Effects of low aluminium levels on growth and nutrient relations in three rice cultivars with different tolerances to aluminium     

Farid Jan  Sune Pettersson 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(2):359-372

Reports on varietal diversity of upland rice in relation to relatively low aluminium (Al) levels are limited. Therefore, effects were examined of 35, 70, and 140 μM Al on plant growth and uptake of macro‐ and micro‐nutrients (K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) and their distribution in three upland rice (Oryza saliva L.) cultivars (BG35, DA14, and IR45) with different Al sensitivity. After an initial growth period of 5 days without Al, the plants were grown for 21 days in nutrient solutions containing Al at pH 4.1. Cultivar BG35 showed the highest and IR45 the lowest tolerance to Al when fresh weights of shoots or roots were considered. Except for IR45 at 140 μM Al, total dry weight was unaffected by Al, and the cultivars could not be clearly distinguished with respect to Al tolerance. Net Al uptake rate was higher in Al tolerant BG35 than in DA14 or IR45. Conversely, in IR45 the absorbed Al was rapidly transported to the shoots and accumulated there. In BG35, net P and Ca uptake rates in Al‐treated plants were high enough to maintain the P and Ca status of the shoots at all Al levels. Irrespective of Al sensitivity, there was a general depression of internal Mg concentration in Al‐reated plants. The Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn concentrations of the plants were not negatively affected by Al in any of the cultivars.  相似文献   

Assessment of phenotypic variation of Malus orientalis in the North Caucasus region     

Monika Höfer  Henryk Flachowsky  Magda-Viola Hanke  Valentin Semënov  Anna Šlâvas  Irina Bandurko  Artëm Sorokin  Sergej Alexanian 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2013,60(4):1463-1477

Malus orientalis Uglitzk. is the predominant Malus species of the Caucasian forests distributed in the north of Anatolia, Armenia, Russia as well as in Iran. It is considered as one of the probable minor ancestors of domestic apples. Although M. orientalis has a lower diversity of fruit quality, other valuable traits such as later blooming, adaptation to a wider array of habitats, and capacity for longer storage of the apples should be taken into account for improving the genetic makeup of the domestic apple. A joint expedition of scientists of the Julius Kühn-Institute from Germany and the Nikolaj I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry from Russia was performed into the North Caucasus region during August/September 2011. Altogether 101 M. orientalis accessions were collected from eight sites at the North Caucasus. Twenty-six traits such as size, color, shape, flavor and firmness of fruit and tree habit were used for phenotypic evaluation of the accessions. A high phenotypic diversity within the collected material of M. orientalis was indicated. Accessions characterized by suitable fruit traits like bigger size, larger cover color, less bitterness and better firmness as well as more sweetness and better flavor were found. However, small-sized flavorless fruits were also detected. Tree habit varied widely from upright to weeping. Subsequently, a comprehensive phenotypic and genetic evaluation of M. orientalis increases the knowledge of diversity, may provide new resources of agronomically important traits for breeding purposes, and gives support to determine accessions for a core collection.  相似文献   

Comparative Study on Biowaste Definition: Effects on Biowaste Collection,Composting Process and Compost Quality     

Jan Boelens  Bruno De Wilde  Luc De Baere 《Compost science & utilization》2013,21(1):60-72

A comparative study was run during 13 months on two biowaste definitions involving both lab tests and field surveys. A narrow biowaste definition, allowing only biogenic wastes (kitchen and garden waste) and referred to as ‘Biowaste,’ was compared to a broad biowaste definition, referred to as ‘Biowaste Plus’ and including man-made products, such as nonrecyclable wastepaper and diapers. Two similar test areas, each with about 425 inhabitants, were defined in a semiurban area north of Antwerp. During the entire test period, the amount of curbside waste (i.e., biowaste and restwaste or ‘grey waste’), was continuously measured and analyzed regularly (twice per season) for composition. At the start, middle and end of the test, the population of each test area was surveyed. Bench-scale aerobic composting experiments were run to evaluate the influence of both biowaste definitions on the composting process and the compost end product.

The introduction of source separated waste collection resulted in an overall landfill diversion rate of 43 percent for the (narrow) ‘Biowaste’ definition and 46 percent for the (broad) ‘Biowaste Plus’ definition. The contamination of biowaste with restwaste was low for both definitions (about three percent). Assuming that the collection and the appropriate disposal of organics could be improved to 95 percent efficiency (compared to about 60 percent currently), the landfill diversion rate could be increased to 59 percent for the ‘Biowaste’ and 74 percent for the ‘Biowaste Plus’ definition. Whereas the average sorting efficiency of separately collected organics was about 61 percent; 49 percent for nonrecyclable paper; and as low as 20 percent for certain categories of nonrecyclable paper (e.g., nonrecyclable cardboard packages). Apparently more education or a better systém of recognition and identification is needed to improve the collection efficiency of man-made compostables. Indeed, for easily recognizable products such as diapers, the sorting efficiency was as high as 70 percent.

The acceptance and goodwill of the population was significantly higher for the ‘Biowaste Plus’ definition, especially in the summer months. The yearly, overall composition of the total curbside waste (biowaste and restwaste combined) was 17 percent kitchen organics, 47 percent yard waste, four percent recyclable paper, 13 percent nonrecyclable paper and 19 percent noncompostables. It must be mentioned that glass, paper and large yard waste were collected separately by a voluntary bring-system. Biowaste Plus typically contained 16.0 percent paper (of which 2.9 percent was recyclable) versus 2.0 percent for Biowaste (0.3 percent recyclable).

The ‘Biowaste Plus’ definition resulted in improvements for the aerobic composting process due to easier moisture control, better aeration and a more tempered pH evolution. A significant difference was seen for NH₃ and corresponding odor emission, both being much lower with ‘Biowaste Plus.’ The quality of the compost produced was similar and acceptable for both biowaste definitions, according to existing standards (VLACO in Flanders and RAL in Germany).  相似文献   

Impact of Starch Gelatinization and Kernel Fissuring on the Milling Breakage Susceptibility of Parboiled Brown Rice     

Joke Buggenhout  Kristof Brijs  Jan A. Delcour 《Cereal Chemistry》2013,90(5):490-496

Parboiling, a hydrothermal treatment of paddy or brown rice, improves the texture and nutritional characteristics of cooked rice. We investigated milling breakage susceptibility of brown rice parboiled under different soaking and steaming conditions, resulting in samples with different degrees of starch gelatinization and levels of fissured grains and white bellies, that is, parboiled grains with translucent outer layers and an undesirable opaque center. The milling breakage susceptibility was 2.1% for raw rice and ranged from less than 1% up to 11.3% for parboiled rice. Parboiled samples with increased milling breakage susceptibility contained higher levels of white bellies and fissured grains. In white bellies, starch gelatinization is incomplete. Scanning electron microscopy revealed inhomogeneities in individual white bellies and fissured rice grains, indicating moisture gradients inside the grains during parboiling. Starch needs to be completely gelatinized to ensure the absence of white bellies and minimal fissured grain levels in the parboiled end product and, as a consequence, a decreased milling breakage.  相似文献   

Screening for new sources of resistance to Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) in tomato     

Yusuf Sen  Zhu Feng  Henri Vandenbroucke  Jan van der Wolf  Richard G. F. Visser  A. W. van Heusden 《Euphytica》2013,190(2):309-317

Bacterial canker of tomato, caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), is considered the most serious bacterial threat, resulting in high damages in production areas. Worldwide, Cmm is subjected to quarantine regulations.There is no cultivar in market containing Cmm resistance genes. This project aimed to screen tomatoes or wild relatives of tomato for resistance to Cmm, to be used for starting breeding programs. We have screened 24 different wild accessions of tomato and found several new tolerant sources: Solanum pimpinellifolium GI.1554, S. parviflorum LA735 and S. parviflorum LA2072. We also confirmed the tolerance which was reported previously in S. peruvianum LA2157, S. peruvianum PI127829, S. peruvianum LA385, S. habrochaites LA407 and S. lycopersicum cv. IRAT L3. No immunity was found. Also accessions showing a low disease score still contained high titers of bacteria as determined by a dilution plating method, using tow selective media. These results were confirmed with a TaqMan real time PCR assay, which was developed to determine and quantify Cmm in planta.  相似文献