Effects of sewage sludge and copper enrichment on both soil mesofauna community and decomposition of oak leaves (Quercus suber) in a mesocosm     

Céline Pernin  Jean-Paul Ambrosi  Jérôme Cortet  Richard Joffre  Jean Le Petit  Elisabeth Tabone  Franck Torre  Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,43(1):39-50

A laboratory mesocosm experiment was performed to study the effects of copper-enriched sewage sludge application on a mesofauna community. For 12 weeks, characteristics and changes in this defined and artificial mesofauna community structure were monitored as well as the dynamics of leaf litter decomposition. The mesofauna community comprised six species of Collembola (Folsomia fimetaria, Isotomurus prasinus, Lepidocyrtus cyaneus, Mesaphorura macrochaeta, Parisotoma notabilis, Protaphorura armata), two species of acari Oribatida (Achipteria coleoptrata, Adoristes sp.), one species of acari Gamasida (Hypoaspis aculeifer) and one species of enchytraeid (Enchytraeus crypticus). Three treatments included the addition of 22 g dry weight (DW) sludge spiked with 0, 200 and 1,000 mg Cu kg^?1 DW sludge in each mesocosm, and one treatment had 66 g DW sludge spiked with 1,000 mg Cu kg^?1 DW sludge added in each mesocosm. Copper, complexed with sludge due to a favourable pH, had no effect on community and litter parameters when added to low amount of sludge. In contrast, tripling the sludge dose in addition to a high dose of Cu changed in time the sludge and leaf chemical composition as well as mesofauna community structure. Responses of the mesofauna to this treatment differed between species. The abundance of species such as I. prasinus, L. cyaneus, M. macrochaeta and P. notabilis decreased, whereas the abundance of H. aculeifer increased and became dominant.  相似文献   

Application of Bioassays for Risk Characterisation and Remediation Control of Soils Polluted with Nitroaromatics and PAHs     

Rila  Jean-Paul  Eisentraeger  Adolf 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2003,148(1-4):223-242

Six soil samples taken from three contaminated sites have been assessed using chemical, ecotoxicological and genotoxicological methods. From two of these sites, samples were characterised after remediation. An overall assessment of the soil samples was done with a scheme consisting of two phases. Remediation of main pollutants in these samples, did in general not lead to a risk reduction of the water-extractable ecotoxic and genotoxic potential. It was concluded, that the assessment and remediation of contaminated sites without consideration of biological test systems is not sufficient. Focussing on single hazardous compounds does in many cases not lead to a reduction of the ecotoxic or genotoxic potential. Consequently, effects of accompanying hazardous compounds, which are not routinely quantified, might be underestimated. It was pointed out, that the assessment of contaminated soil samples on the basis of LID-values applying dual dilution series seems to be sufficient for the evaluation, if there is no need for a quantitative comparison of toxic potentials.  相似文献   

Phytoremediation: European and American trends successes, obstacles and needs     

Jean-Paul Schwitzguébel  Daniël van der Lelie  Alan Baker  David J. Glass  Jaco Vangronsveld 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2002,2(2):91-99

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully implement this new green technology.  相似文献   

Extracts enriched in different polyphenolic families normalize increased cardiac NADPH oxidase expression while having differential effects on insulin resistance, hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy in high-fructose-fed rats     

Al-Awwadi NA  Araiz C  Bornet A  Delbosc S  Cristol JP  Linck N  Azay J  Teissedre PL  Cros G 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(1):151-157

Insulin resistance and oxidative stress act synergistically in the development of cardiovascular complications. The present study compared the efficacy of three polyphenolic extracts in their capacity to prevent hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the aorta or the heart, and increased expression of cardiac NAD(P)H oxidase in a model of insulin resistance. Rats were fed a 60%-enriched fructose food and were treated once a day (gavage) for 6 weeks with 10 mL/kg of water only (F group) or the same amount of solution containing a red grape skin polyphenolic extract enriched in anthocyanins (ANT), a grape seed extract enriched in procyanidins and rich in galloylated procyanidins (PRO), or the commercial preparation Vitaflavan (VIT), rich in catechin oligomers. All treatments were administered at the same dose of 21 mg/kg of polyphenols. Our data indicate that (a) the ANT treatment prevented hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and production of ROS, (b) the PRO treatment prevented insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, and overproduction of ROS but had only minor effects on hypertension or hypertrophy, while (c) Vitaflavan prevented hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and overproduction of ROS. All polyphenolic treatments prevented the increased expression of the p91phox NADPH oxidase subunit. In summary, our study suggest that (a) the pathogeny of cardiac hypertrophy in the fructose-fed rat disease involves both hypertension and hyperproduction of ROS, (b) polyphenolic extracts enriched in different types of polyphenols possess differential effects on insulin resistance, hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy, and (c) polyphenols modulate the expression of NAD(P)H oxidase.  相似文献   

Plasma levels of six carotenoids in nine European countries: report from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)     

Al-Delaimy WK  van Kappel AL  Ferrari P  Slimani N  Steghens JP  Bingham S  Johansson I  Wallström P  Overvad K  Tjønneland A  Key TJ  Welch AA  Bueno-de-Mesquita HB  Peeters PH  Boeing H  Linseisen J  Clavel-Chapelon F  Guibout C  Navarro C  Quirós JR  Palli D  Celentano E  Trichopoulou A  Benetou V  Kaaks R  Riboli E 《Public health nutrition》2004,7(6):713-722

BACKGROUND: In addition to their possible direct biological effects, plasma carotenoids can be used as biochemical markers of fruit and vegetable consumption for identifying diet-disease associations in epidemiological studies. Few studies have compared levels of these carotenoids between countries in Europe. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess the variability of plasma carotenoid levels within the cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). METHODS: Plasma levels of six carotenoids--alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin--were measured cross-sectionally in 3043 study subjects from 16 regions in nine European countries. We investigated the relative influence of gender, season, age, body mass index (BMI), alcohol intake and smoking status on plasma levels of the carotenoids. RESULTS: Mean plasma level of the sum of the six carotenoids varied twofold between regions (1.35 micromol l(-1) for men in Malm?, Sweden vs. 2.79 micromol l(-1) for men in Ragusa/Naples, Italy; 1.61 micromol l(-1) for women in The Netherlands vs. 3.52 micromol l(-1) in Ragusa/Naples, Italy). Mean levels of individual carotenoids varied up to fourfold (alpha-carotene: 0.06 micromol l(-1) for men in Murcia, Spain vs. 0.25 micromol l(-1) for vegetarian men living in the UK). In multivariate regression analyses, region was the most important predictor of total plasma carotenoid level (partial R(2)=27.3%), followed by BMI (partial R(2)=5.2%), gender (partial R(2)=2.7%) and smoking status (partial R(2)=2.8%). Females had higher total carotenoid levels than males across Europe. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma levels of carotenoids vary substantially between 16 different regions in Italy, Greece, Spain, France, Germany, the UK, Sweden, Denmark and The Netherlands. Compared with region of residence, the other demographic and lifestyle factors and laboratory measurements have limited predictive value for plasma carotenoid levels in Europe.  相似文献   

Effect of ethanol and red wine on ochratoxin a-induced experimental acute nephrotoxicity     

Bertelli AA  Migliori M  Filippi C  Gagliano N  Donetti E  Panichi V  Scalori V  Colombo R  Mannari C  Tillement JP  Giovannini L 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(17):6924-6929

Ochratoxin A (OTA), is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin present in wine, which is nephrotoxic in humans. Our working hypothesis is that natural substances in wine may counteract OTA toxicity. Thirty-six rats were randomized to OTA dissolved in saline, red wine, or 13.5% ethanol or to OTA-free wine, ethanol, or saline. OTA (289 microg/kg of body weight/48 h) was administered by gastric gavage for 2 weeks. Serum creatinine, tubular enzymuria, renal lipohydroperoxides (LOOH), reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, and renal superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) were determined in renal tissue. OTA alone produced significant increases in renal lipoperoxides and significant decreases in SOD and GSH/GSSG ratio. In red wine or ethanol, OTA was less nephrotoxic, reducing oxidative damage as revealed by LOOH. In OTA-wine and OTA-ethanol groups, SOD activity was higher than in the OTA-treated one, suggesting that both ethanol and nonalcoholic fractions may preserve antioxidant reserve. GSH/GSSG ratio was significantly preserved only in the OTA-wine group and not in OTA-ethanol. Red wine may exert a protective effect against OTA nephrotoxicity by limiting oxidative damage. The ostensible protection afforded by ethanol deserves further investigation.  相似文献   

Application of solid/liquid extraction for the gravimetric determination of lipids in royal jelly     

Antinelli JF  Davico R  Rognone C  Faucon JP  Lizzani-Cuvelier L 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(8):2227-2230

Gravimetric lipid determination is a major parameter for the characterization and the authentication of royal jelly quality. A solid/liquid extraction was compared to the reference method, which is based on liquid/liquid extraction. The amount of royal jelly and the time of the extraction were optimized in comparison to the reference method. Boiling/rinsing ratio and spread of royal jelly onto the extraction thimble were identified as critical parameters, resulting in good accuracy and precision for the alternative method. Comparison of reproducibility and repeatability of both methods associated with gas chromatographic analysis of the composition of the extracted lipids showed no differences between the two methods. As the intra-laboratory validation tests were comparable to the reference method, while offering rapidity and a decrease in amount of solvent used, it was concluded that the proposed method should be used with no modification of quality criteria and norms established for royal jelly characterization.  相似文献   

Trends in soil science in Switzerland     

Satish K. Gupta  Jean-Paul Schwitzguébel 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2003,3(4):247-247

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully implement this new green technology.  相似文献   

Chemical Composition of Rainwater Near Two Historical Monuments The Thann Collegiate (Alsace,France) and the Tours Cathedral (Indre et Loire,France)     

Millet  Maurice  Wortham  Henri  Mirabel  Philippe  Flori  Jean-Paul  Lakkis  Dominique  Leroy  Maurice 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,132(1-2):105-126

In the present study, included within the framework of a Franco-German Research Program for Conservation of HistoricalMonuments, the chemical composition of rainwater was investigated in Thann (Alsace, France) and in Tours (Indre etLoire, France) between 1992 and 1993. A total of 78 and 24samples, respectively, were collected, near the Thann collegiateand the Tours cathedral on a weekly basis and analysed for Cl^-, NO₃ ^-, SO₄ ^2-, Na⁺, NH₄ ⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺. Results showpH ranged from 3.60 to 6.58 and from 5.49 to 7.01 for Thann andTours, respectively. In Thann, SO₄ ^2- is the major anion and rainwater acidity is neutralised by compounds ofterrigenic origin which come from the soil of the upper Rhinevalley (Ca²⁺; ‘loess’) and the potash mines of Alsace. In Tours, SO₄ ^2- is also the major anion and the acidity is neutralised partially by atmospheric ammonia and partially by compounds of terrigenic origin and by dust fromthe erosion of the cathedral and the works of restoration, in the form of CaCO₃.  相似文献   

Development of a Potato Cultivar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum tuberosum</Emphasis> L.) Core Collection,a Valuable Tool to Prospect Genetic Variation for Novel Traits     

Florence Esnault  Roland Pellé  Jean-Paul Dantec  Aurélie Bérard  Marie-Christine Le Paslier  Jean-Eric Chauvin 《Potato Research》2016,59(4):329-343

This study presents the development of a core collection capturing the genetic diversity of a collection of 350 tetraploid cultivated potato varieties (Solanum tuberosum L.). The core collection was established by using simple sequence repeats (SSR) data and the M strategy, which aims at maximizing the allelic diversity. A 48-core collection was defined which captured 99.5% of the SSR alleles used to establish it, and 96.9% of the SSR alleles which belonged to an independent set of markers. The defined core collection was further validated by analysing 35 agro-morphological traits. The class coverage value and the estimates of the Shannon-Weaver diversity index indicated a good representation of the phenotypic diversity in the core collection. Furthermore, the core set included accessions having the most desirable status for several agronomic traits. A linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis, using data obtained with the SolCAP SNP array on the defined core collection, was performed. The population structure analysis showed that the core collection did not present a clear genetic structure. The linkage disequilibrium analysis carried out between markers located on the same pseudomolecule within 10,000 bp concluded that 41.3% of these pairs of SNP markers have a significant LD. We conclude that this core collection, representative of the genetic diversity of cultivated potato varieties, is a relevant tool for a first screening for genetic variation regarding novel traits of interest.  相似文献