US strategy for forest management adaptation to climate change: building a framework for decision making     

V. Alaric Sample  Jessica E. Halofsky  David L. Peterson 《Annals of Forest Science》2014,71(2):125-130

Context

Recent policy changes in the USA direct agencies managing federal forests to analyze the potential effects of climate change on forest productivity, water resource protection, wildlife habitat, biodiversity, and other values.

Aims

This paper describes methods developed to (1) assess current risks, vulnerabilities, and gaps in knowledge; (2) engage internal agency resources and external partners in the development of options and solutions; and (3) manage forest resources for resilience, not just in terms of natural ecosystems but in affected human communities as well.

Methods

We describe an approach designed to characterize certain climate change effects on forests, and estimate the effectiveness of response options ranging from resistance to a realignment of management objectives.

Results

Field testing on a 6,300 km² area of conifer forest in the northwestern USA shows this decision model to be useful and cost-effective in identifying the highest sensitivities relating to vegetation management, biological diversity, water resources and forest transportation systems, and building consensus for adaptive strategies and actions.

Conclusions

Results suggest that this approach is an effective means for guiding management decisions to adapt to the effects of climate change, and provides an empirical basis for setting budgetary and management priorities.  相似文献   

Feasibility and repeatability of cold and mechanical quantitative sensory testing in normal dogs     

Jessica D. Briley  Morika D. Williams  Mila Freire  Emily H. Griffith  B. Duncan X. Lascelles 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2014,199(2):245-250

Feasibility and inter-session repeatability of cold and mechanical quantitative sensory testing (QST) were assessed in 24 normal dogs. Cold thermal latencies were evaluated using a thermal probe (0 °C) applied to three pelvic limb sites. Mechanical thresholds were measured using an electronic von Frey anesthesiometer (EVF) and a blunt-probed pressure algometer (PA) applied to the dorsal aspect of the metatarsus. All QST trials were performed with dogs in lateral recumbency. Collection of cold QST data was easy (feasible) in 19/24 (79%) dogs. However, only 18.4%, 18.9% and 13.2% of cold QST trials elicited a response at the medial tibia, third digital pad and plantar metatarsal regions, respectively. Collection of mechanical QST data was easy (feasible) in 20/24 (83%) dogs for both EVF and PA.At consecutive sampling times, approximately 2 weeks apart, the average EVF sensory thresholds were 414 ± 186 g and 379 ± 166 g, respectively, and the average PA sensory thresholds were 1089 ± 414 g and 1028 ± 331 g, respectively. There was no significant difference in inter-session or inter-limb threshold values for either mechanical QST device. The cold QST protocol in this study was achievable, but did not provide consistently quantifiable results. Both mechanical QST devices tested provided repeatable, reliable sensory threshold measurements in normal, client-owned dogs. These findings contribute to the validation of the EVF and PA as tools to obtain repeated QST data over time in dogs to assess somatosensory processing changes.  相似文献   

An ex vivo evaluation of efficacy of refrigerated canine plasma     

Adam R. Grochowsky DVM  Elizabeth A. Rozanski DVM  DACVECC  DACVIM  Armelle M. de Laforcade DVM  DACVECC  Claire R. Sharp BSc  BVMS  MS  DACVECC  Dawn M. Meola BS  Jessica J. Schavone BS  CVT  Majory B. Brooks DVM  DACVIM 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2014,24(4):388-397

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Does Biochar Improve Establishment of Tree Seedlings in Saline Sodic Soils?     

Jessica A. Drake  Timothy R. Cavagnaro  Shaun C. Cunningham  W. Roy Jackson  Antonio F. Patti 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2016,27(1):52-59

Reforestation of saline sodic soil is increasingly undertaken as a means of reclaiming otherwise unproductive agricultural land. Currently, restoration of degraded land is limited to species with high tolerances of salinity. Biochar application has the potential to improve physical, biological and chemical properties of these soils to allow establishment of a wider range of plants. In a glasshouse trial, we applied biochar made from Acacia pycnantha (5 Mg ha⁻¹) or no biochar to either a low (EC_e 4·75 dS m⁻¹, ESP 6·9), a moderate (EC_e 27·6 dS m⁻¹, ESP 29·3) or a high (EC_e 49·4 dS m⁻¹, ESP 45·1) saline sodic soil. The regional common reforestation species Eucalyptus viminalis and Acacia mearnsii were planted as tubestock in to the soils. Early establishment indicators, including growth, plant condition and nutrition, were assessed at the end of a simulated growing season, 108 days after biochar application. Application of biochar increased height, and decreased root : shoot and the concentration of Mn, N and S in plants of E. viminalis when grown in the highly saline sodic soil. Biochar application increased the concentration of B in leaves of E. viminalis and increased the concentration of P, K and S in leaves of A. mearnsii when grown in the low saline sodic soil. The results confirm that there is potential for biochar to assist in reforestation of saline sodic soils. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Isolation of 4-methylthio-3-butenyl glucosinolate from Raphanus sativus sprouts (kaiware daikon) and its redox properties     

Barillari J  Cervellati R  Paolini M  Tatibouët A  Rollin P  Iori R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(26):9890-9896

The most promising among glucosinolates (GLs) are those bearing in their aglycon an extra sulfur function, such as glucoraphasatin (4-methylthio-3-butenyl GL; GRH) and glucoraphenin (4-methylsulfinyl-3-butenyl GL; GRE). The GRE/GRH redox couple is typically met among secondary metabolites of Raphanus sativus L. and, whereas GRE prevails in seeds, GRH is the major GL in full-grown roots. During the 10 days of sprouting of R. sativus seeds, the GRE and GRH contents were determined according to the Eurpean Union official method (ISO 9167-1). In comparison to the seeds, the GRE content in sprouts decreased from about 90 to about 12 micromol g(-1) of dry weight (dw), whereas a 25-fold increase--from about 3 to 76 micromol g(-1) of dw--of the GRH content was measured. An efficient pure GRH gram-scale production process from R. sativus (kaiware daikon) sprouts resulted in significant yield improvement of up to 2.2% (dw basis). The reaction of GRH with both H2O2 and ABTS*+ radical cation was investigated. Whereas H2O2 oxidation of GRH readily resulted in complete transformation into GRE, ABTS*+ caused complete decay of the GL. Even though not directly related to its radical scavenging activity, the assessed reducing capacity of GRH suggests that R. sativus sprouts might possess potential for health benefits.  相似文献   

Comparisons of Mayan forest management, restoration, and conservation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Stewart A.W. Diemont  Jessica L. BohnDonald D. Rayome  Sarah J. KelsenKaity Cheng 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(10):1696-1705

Numerous communities associated with at least five distinct ethnic Mayan groups in southern Mexico and Central America continue to rely upon forested areas as integral components of their agricultural systems. They carefully manage these areas so that forests provide food, raw materials, and animals. Management practices include removing and planting of woody and herbaceous species, apiculture, and seed harvest. Mayan agroforestry systems in geographically and ecologically distinct areas of Mesoamerica were evaluated to better understand traditional agroforestry system components and how indigenous Mayan agroforestry could be a part of regional forest conservation and restoration. Systems were within Mexican land grant areas (ejidos) or on contested land. Although these systems rely upon different woody species and management techniques, common among them are: (1) the use of multi-stage and successional pathways with forest as a part of the larger system, (2) species that are believed by traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) to accelerate forest regeneration - more than 30 tree species are recognized and managed as potential facilitators of forest regeneration and (3) direct human consumption of forest products at all stages of regeneration.  相似文献   

Induction of tumors in mice by genomic hypomethylation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Gaudet F  Hodgson JG  Eden A  Jackson-Grusby L  Dausman J  Gray JW  Leonhardt H  Jaenisch R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,300(5618):489-492

Genome-wide DNA hypomethylation occurs in many human cancers, but whether this epigenetic change is a cause or consequence of tumorigenesis has been unclear. To explore this phenomenon, we generated mice carrying a hypomorphic DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) allele, which reduces Dnmt1 expression to 10% of wild-type levels and results in substantial genome-wide hypomethylation in all tissues. The mutant mice were runted at birth, and at 4 to 8 months of age they developed aggressive T cell lymphomas that displayed a high frequency of chromosome 15 trisomy. These results indicate that DNA hypomethylation plays a causal role in tumor formation, possibly by promoting chromosomal instability.  相似文献   

Preschool program improves cognitive control     

Diamond A  Barnett WS  Thomas J  Munro S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5855):1387-1388

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Requirement of the activation-induced deaminase (AID) gene for immunoglobulin gene conversion     

Arakawa H  Hauschild J  Buerstedde JM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,295(5558):1301-1306

Three phenotypically distinct processes-somatic hypermutation, gene conversion, and switch recombination-remodel the functionally rearranged immunoglobulin (Ig) loci in B cells. Somatic hypermutation and switch recombination have recently been shown to depend on the activation-induced deaminase (AID) gene product. Here, we show that the disruption of the AID gene in the chicken B cell line DT40 completely blocks Ig gene conversion and that this block can be complemented by reintroduction of the AID complementary DNA. This demonstrates that the AID master gene controls all B cell-specific modifications of vertebrate Ig genes.  相似文献   

Requirement of mammalian Timeless for circadian rhythmicity     

Barnes JW  Tischkau SA  Barnes JA  Mitchell JW  Burgoon PW  Hickok JR  Gillette MU 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,302(5644):439-442

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