Species concepts and systematics of domesticated cereals     

Dr. Johannes M. J. De Wet 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1981,29(1):177-198

Summary Cultivated cereals are domesticated grasses. Wild progenitors of domestic cereals are aggressive natural colonizers and often become weedy in man disturbed habitats. Hybridization between cultivated cereals and their close wild relatives gives rise to mimetic cereal weeds that often accompany the domestic species well beyond its natural range. Similar weeds may also evolve from abandoned cultivars as a result of mutations that restore their ability for natural seed dispersal. Cultivated complexes of domestic species are typically variable. Man selects and isolates phenotypes to suit his fancies, with the result that different phenotypes of a cereal are often grown for different uses in the same village, and adjacent villages often grow different phenotypes for similar uses. Conventional species concepts do not hold for domestic species. It is proposed that wild, weed and cultivated complexes of individual domestic species be recognized respectively as subspecies. Major discontinuities in variation within the weed or cultivated subspecies are then identified as races without formal taxonomic recognition.

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Artbegriff und Systematik bei domestizierten Getreiden

Zusammenfassung Kultivierte Getreide sind domestizierte Gräser. Die wilden Vorfahren der domestizierten Getreide sind aggressive natürliche Besiedler und werden oft zu Unkräutern in vom Menschen beeinflußten Standorten. Bastardierung zwischen kultivierten Getreiden und ihren wilden Verwandten läßt mimetische Getreideunkräuter entstehen, die oft die domestizierten Arten außerhalb ihres natürlichen Verbreitungsgebietes begleiten. Ähnliche Unkräuter können sich auch aus aufgegebenen Sorten entwickeln als ein Ergebnis von Mutationen, die ihre Fähigkeit zur natürlichen Samenausstreuung wiederherstellen. Kultivierte Komplexe domestizierter Arten sind in typischer Weise variabel. Der Mensch selektiert und isoliert Phänotypen nach seinen Vorstellungen mit dem Ergebnis, daß verschiedene Phänotypen eines Getreides oft zu verschiedenen Zwecken im selben Dorf angebaut werden, und benachbarte Dörfer oft verschiedene Phänotypen für ähnliche Zwecke kultivieren. Der herkömmliche Artbegriff bewährt sich nicht bei domestizierten Arten. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß Wild-, Unkraut- und Kulturformen einer domestizierten Art als entsprechende Unterarten angesehen werden. Größere Gruppen innerhalb der Unkraut- oder Kultur-Unterart sollten als Rassen ohne formale taxonomische Bezeichnung gehandhabt werden.

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Microbial community responses to disease management soil treatments used in flower bulb cultivation     

Kowalchuk  George A.  van Os  Gera J.  van Aartrijk  Jan  van Veen  Johannes A. 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2003,37(1):55-63

Biology and Fertility of Soils - A number of management practices, such as soil fumigation and flooding, have been employed in efforts to control diseases and weeds in the cultivation of ornamental...  相似文献   

Einfluss von konventioneller und biologisch-dynamischer Bewirtschaftungsweise auf die mikrobielle Biomasse und deren Stickstoff-Dynamik in Parabraunerden der Friedberger Wetterau     

Margit v. Lützow  Johannes C. G. Ottow 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1994,157(5):359-367

Effect of conventional and biological farming on microbial biomass and its nitrogen turnover in agriculturally used luvisols of the Friedberg plains The influence of conventional and biological farming on microbial biomass-carbon (Bio-C) and nitrogen (Bio-N) of agriculturally used fields was compared. The fields were located on luvisols of the Friedberg plains and tilled according to each system for many years. Bio-C and Bio-N were measured using the chloroform-fumigation-extraction technique. During early spring and autumn (1990) [Bio-CI% C_org] and Bio-N [%N₁] were slightly lower in sites of conventional farming than on fields tilled by biological farming. During the vegetation period Bio-C and Bio-N increased continuously in both systems. This increase, however was higher on conventional than on biological fields and may be ascribed to a higher C-input (rhizodeposition) and availability of mineral nutrients. In the soils of the biological farming system N-deficiency apparently decreased Bio-N (but not Bio-C) in spring time. Consequently the Bio-C/N-ratio increased. It seems as if plant growth affects the quality of microbes (Bio-C/N). The average turnover-time of Bio-N was about 1 year in all soils. However, the average turnover-time of Bio-C was 1.6 years, being 2 times faster in the conventional than in the biological farming system. It seems as if long-term management practices may affect the amount of labile organic matter by changing the biomass pool and its turnover rate.  相似文献   

The Impact of Aquaculture Pond Engineering Design on the Returns to Shrimp Farms     

Wade L.  Griffin Johannes A. D.  Lambregts  M. W. Yates    A. Garcia 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1993,24(1):23-30

The effects of pond design on the internal rate of return of a 40 ha shrimp farm is evaluated. The influence of four pond construction parameters (pond size, pond shape, levee crown size and canal bank slope) on the total amount of earth moved and construction costs is determined using an engineering design model. The bioeconomic model, MARSIM, calculates returns to farms with the design modifications. Of the four parameters, the pond shape is the most influential over the range considered (from 17% to 8%). Pond size is the second most important parameter (from 17% to 21%). Levee width and canal bank slope influence are of lesser importance (<1% change).  相似文献   

Morphologisch-taxonomische Gliederung der Kultursippen vonBrassica oleracea L.     

Johannes Helm 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1963,11(1):92-210

Summary There is given an account about the morphological differentiation of the cultivated types ofBrassica oleracea, their taxonomy, uses and history.

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Brassica oleracea, , .

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100 Jahre Kulturpflanzen-Taxonomie     

Johannes Helm 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1964,12(1):75-92

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Die zu Würz- und Speisezwecken kultivierten Arten der GattungAllium L     

Johannes Helm 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1956,4(1):130-180

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

The in vitro developmental competence of oocytes from juvenile calves is related to follicular diameter     

Kauffold J  Amer HA  Bergfeld U  Weber W  Sobiraj A 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2005,51(3):325-332

This study investigated the relationship between follicle size (FS) and developmental competence of calf oocytes. Cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) from follicles>8 (L-COCs; n=19), 4-8 (M-COCs; n=54), and 2-3 mm (S-COCs; n=155) were recovered from non-stimulated 1-4 months old dairy calves post mortem and ex vivo (laparoscopy), and in parallel from slaughtered adult cows from follicles of identical size categories [>8 (n=91); 4-8 (n=138); 2-3 mm (n=193)]. Morphologically intact COCs were subjected to in vitro maturation, fertilization, and embryo culture. Cleavage rate (CR; 46 h post-insemination=p.i.), rate of morulae/blastocysts (M/Bl; day 7 p.i.), and blastocysts (Bl; day 9 p.i.) were recorded. FS had no effect on the CR in calves. However, calf L-COCs yielded the highest rates of M/Bl and Bl compared with the two other size categories (P<0.05). In contrast, calf S- and M-COCs gave similar rates of M/Bl, whereas the proportion of Bl was lowest for S-COCs (P<0.05). This was almost identical to findings in cows, except that the CR was highest for L-COCs and M/Bl yields were lowest for S-COCs (P<0.05). There were no differences between calf and cows with regard to CR for the respective FS categories. L-COCs from calves and cows yielded similar rates of M/Bl and Bl, whereas calf S- and M-COCs yielded lower rates of Bl than S- and M-COCs from cows and a lower rate of M/Bl when S-and M-COCs were analyzed as one group (P<0.05). Whereas the CR was similar in calves and cows, calf COCs yielded lower rates of M/Bl and Bl (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results show that the developmental competence of calf oocytes is higher in those derived from follicles larger than 8 mm, and thus are almost equally as competent as cow oocytes derived from follicles of identical size. This suggests that calf oocytes acquire developmental competence within the large follicle, potentially due to a process similar to prematuration of the oocyte in the adult cow. It is proposed that procedures that facilitate prematuration, such as "coasting" following a preceding superstimulation, might increase the developmental competence of calf oocytes.  相似文献   

Cauda equina compression syndrome (CECS): retrospective study of surgical treatment with partial dorsal laminectomy in 86 dogs with lumbosacral stenosis     

Kinzel S  Koch J  Stopinski T  Afify M  Krombach G  Buecker A  Küpper W 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2004,117(7-8):334-340

We report our results of partial lumbosacral laminectomy for treatment of canine Cauda equina Compression Syndrome due to a lumbosacral stenosis. Opposite to conventional techniques of dorsal laminectomy, only widening of the Spatium interarcuale is performed. This is achieved by exstirpation of the Lig. flavum and partial dorsal laminectomy of the first sacral segment. The Proc. spinosi and integrity of facet joints are fully maintained by this technique. In 96.5% of 86 dogs treated with this method relief of dorsal pressure and permanent rapid regression of clinical symptoms was achieved. In two cases recurrence of clinical symptoms was observed during follow up and one case showed no improvement at all. In conclusion partial dorsal laminectomy is a minimal invasive technique for treatment of Cauda equina compression syndrome expressed by pain reaction accompanied by minor neurological deficits caused by lumbosacral stenosis. Maintained spinal stability allows short reconvalescence and the unrestricted use of dogs immediately post operation.  相似文献   

Cross-modality of texture and aroma perception is independent of orthonasal or retronasal stimulation     

Visschers RW  Jacobs MA  Frasnelli J  Hummel T  Burgering M  Boelrijk AE 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(15):5509-5515

To assess the influence of orthonasal and retronasal stimulation on cross-modal interactions between texture and flavor perception of food, a series of experiments have been conducted. Healthy human subjects were exposed to strawberry aroma pulses delivered by a computer-controlled stimulator based on air dilution olfactometry. Just prior to exposure to the aroma, the human subjects consumed water, custard, or protein gels with different textures without any added aroma. The aroma was delivered as a sequence of aroma pulses, in either an orthonasal or a retronasal fashion. The retronasal presentation of aroma with concomitant presentation of texture is thought to more closely mimick the in vivo flavor release of semisolid food products as compared to orthonasal stimulation. The time between oral consumption of the food, including swallowing, and the exposure to the aroma varied between 0.5 and 6.5 s. The subjects rated the intensity of the strawberry aroma. It was observed that the intensity of aroma decreased with increasing firmness of the food that was consumed. Aroma pulses delivered 6.5 s after swallowing were perceived as being more intense as compared to aroma pulses delivered immediately after swallowing. In conjunction with late delivery, the effect cross-modal interactions apparently decreased. Significantly higher odor intensities were reported for the aroma stimuli supplied orthonasally in comparison to retronasal administration. The observed cross-modal effect of texture on aroma intensity was not significantly altered by the mode of aroma delivery, i.e., orthonasal or retronasal stimulus administration.  相似文献