Conceptus-related measurements during the first trimester of bovine pregnancy     

Riding GA  Lehnert SA  French AJ  Hill JR 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2008,177(2):266-272

In order to determine the variability inherent in conceptus-related measurements in first trimester bovine pregnancies, conceptus and fetometric parameters from beef cattle pregnancies (n=103) estimated to be between Days 36 and 103 of gestation were examined. During this period, the protein concentration of amniotic fluid ranged between 0.181 and 0.501mg/mL. The amniotic fluid volume gradually increased from <1mL at Day 36 to 950mL at Day 103 (R(2)=0.9275) and amniotic compartment dimensions (length, R(2)=0.9713; width, R(2)=0.9802) increased predictably with fetal growth. Conversely, allantoic fluid protein concentration and volume correlated weakly with fetal age. A significant linear correlation existed between fetal crown rump length (CRL) and crown nose length (R(2)=0.9899) confirming that either measurement can be employed in the ultrasonographic estimation of fetal age. The amniotic compartment and fetometric data presented here have both research and clinical value, particularly in relation to fetal development evaluation and pregnancy viability diagnosis.  相似文献   

Molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection in naturally occurring equine respiratory disease     

Newton JR  Laxton R  Wood JL  Chanter N 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2008,175(3):338-345

The objective of the study was to characterise the molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection among isolates collected sequentially from recently weaned, pasture maintained Welsh mountain ponies with naturally occurring respiratory disease. Weekly nasopharyngeal and tracheal lavage samplings over a 10-week period were conducted in 29 ponies. Two PCR typing methods based on characterisation of the M-protein hypervariable (HV) region and the 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic spacer were then applied to isolates of S. zooepidemicus recovered from nasopharyngeal swab and tracheal wash samples. S. zooepidemicus infection was highly prevalent during the study, being isolated from 94% of tracheal washes and 88% of nasopharyngeal swabs. Among 39 different S. zooepidemicus types isolated, more were isolated from the trachea (n=33) than the nasopharynx (n=27). There was evidence from temporal patterns of infection for clonal succession over time by the more prevalent S. zooepidemicus types. Novel S. zooepidemicus types were identified, including previously untyped HV regions and intra-strain multiples of both the HV region and intergenic spacer types.  相似文献   

Supplemental algal meal alters the ruminal trans-18:1 fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid composition in cattle     

Or-Rashid MM  Kramer JK  Wood MA  McBride BW 《Journal of animal science》2008,86(1):187-196

The effects of dietary algal supplementation, a source of docosahexaenoic acid, on the fatty acid profile of rumen lipids in cattle were evaluated, with special emphasis on CLA and trans fatty acids produced by rumen microbes. A diet based on corn silage was fed with supplements containing the following: 1) no algal meal and fed at 2.1 kg of DM/d (control), 2) algal meal and fed at 1.1 kg of DM/d (low algal meal), 3) algal meal and fed at 2.1 kg of DM/d (medium algal meal), and 4) algal meal and fed at 4.2 kg of DM/d (high algal meal). A modified lipid extraction procedure was developed to analyze the lipid changes in rumen fluid. The percentage of stearic acid (18:0) in rumen fluid was decreased by algal meal supplementation (P < 0.001) compared with control and was linearly dependent on the level of algal meal supplementation (P = 0.005). Total trans-18:1 in rumen fluid of cattle fed the control diet was 19% of total fatty acids. Addition of algal meal increased (P < 0.001) total trans-18:1 up to 43%, mostly due to 18:1 trans-10 that increased (P = 0.002) to 29.5% of total rumen fatty acids. This increase in 18:1 trans-10 seems to suggest a change in the rumen microbial population. Vaccenic acid (18:1 trans-11) increased quadratically (P = 0.005) with increasing level of algal meal supplementation in the diets. The total CLA content was low in the control (<0.9%) and increased with dietary algal meal addition, although not significantly; the greatest level was 1.5% with the medium algal meal diet. The increase of rumenic acid (cis-9, trans-11 CLA) was quadratic (P = 0.05) with algal meal supplementation, whereas trans-10, cis-12 CLA increased linearly with increased level of algal meal from 0.08 to 0.13% (P = 0.03). The ratio of trans-11 (cis-9, trans-11 CLA + 18:1 trans-11) to trans-10 (trans-10, cis-12 CLA + 18:1 trans-10) decreased from 2.45 to 0.77, 0.87, and 0.21 for the control, low algal meal, medium algal meal, and high algal meal diets, respectively. The content of docosahexaenoic acid in rumen fluid increased (P = 0.002) from 0.3 to 1.4% of total fatty acids with increasing level of algal meal supplementation in the diets. Our results suggest that algal meal inhibits the reduction of trans-18:1 to 18:0, giving rise to the high trans-18:1 content. In conclusion, algal meal could be used to increase the concentration in rumen contents of trans-18:1 isomers that serve as precursors for CLA biosynthesis in the tissues of ruminants.  相似文献   

Isolation and immunological detection of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in sheep with atypical pneumonia, and lack of a role for Mycoplasma arginini     

Lin YC  Miles RJ  Nicholas RA  Kelly DP  Wood AP 《Research in veterinary science》2008,84(3):367-373

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae NCTC 10151(T) and four new isolates from UK sheep flocks were compared. Only glucose and pyruvate were used as energy sources by the five strains: glucose was the best energy source for the type strain, pyruvate supported better growth of the new strains. Whole cell protein patterns and antigenic profiles showed high similarity between all five strains. The new isolates fell into two groups in ELISA tests. Serum samples from 30 pneumonic sheep were assessed for M. ovipneumoniae infection and Mycoplasma arginini co-infection. Fourteen (out of 30) serum samples were positive for M. ovipneumoniae both by ELISA and immunoblotting. Twelve antigenic proteins of M. ovipneumoniae were detected in infected serum samples: the antigen patterns were unique, with between one and at least seven occurring in any one sample. All serum samples were designated as negative for M. arginini antibodies by both ELISA and immunoblotting.  相似文献   

Scientific study of bluetongue vaccine uptake and efficacy     

Wood J  Webb C  Oura C 《The Veterinary record》2008,162(25):831

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Hypertension and insulin resistance in a mixed-breed population of ponies predisposed to laminitis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Bailey SR  Habershon-Butcher JL  Ransom KJ  Elliott J  Menzies-Gow NJ 《American journal of veterinary research》2008,69(1):122-129

OBJECTIVE: To determine the metabolic phenotype of a group of laminitis-prone ponies when at pasture in summer, compared with when at pasture in winter. ANIMALS: 40 ponies of various breeds predisposed to recurrent pasture-associated laminitis and 40 unaffected control ponies. PROCEDURES: Body condition score and size of the crest of the neck were assessed, blood samples obtained, and blood pressure measured by use of an indirect oscillometric technique, while ponies were kept on winter pasture (last week of November or beginning of December) and again on summer pasture (June). Serum insulin concentration and plasma glucose, triglyceride, uric acid, and ACTH concentrations were measured. Insulin sensitivity was calculated with proxies derived from basal serum insulin and plasma glucose concentrations. RESULTS: No significant differences were apparent between ponies predisposed to laminitis and control ponies during winter. However, in June, laminitis-prone ponies had increased serum insulin concentration and plasma triglyceride and uric acid concentrations, compared with control ponies. Also, laminitis-prone ponies were relatively insulin resistant, compared with control ponies. Mean blood pressure was significantly higher during summer in laminitis-prone ponies (median [interquartile range], 89.6 mm Hg [78.3 to 96.9 mm Hg]), compared with control ponies (76.8 mm Hg [69.4 to 85.2 mm Hg]). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Summer pastures appear to induce metabolic responses in some ponies, leading to expression of the prelaminitic phenotype, which includes hypertension as well as insulin resistance. Signs of this metabolic syndrome may not be apparent in affected ponies during periods of grazing winter pasture. Understanding this syndrome may enable improved countermeasures to be devised to prevent laminitis.  相似文献   

Roles of thromboxane A2 and 5-hydroxytryptamine in endotoxin-induced digital vasoconstriction in horses     

Menzies-Gow NJ  Sepulveda MF  Bailey SR  Cunningham FM  Elliott J 《American journal of veterinary research》2008,69(2):199-207

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the roles of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), thromboxane A2 (TxA2), and platelet-activating factor (PAF) in endotoxin-induced digital hypoperfusion in horses. ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult Thoroughbreds. PROCEDURES: Horses were treated with IV administration of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control treatment) or the 5-HT 1B/D selective antagonist, GR55562 (0.3 mg/kg), prior to tryptamine infusion (1.6 microg/kg/min for 30 minutes) to establish an effective GR55562 dose. In a crossover study, horses were treated with IV administration of saline solution (control treatment), aspirin (4 mg/kg, 2 hours or 4 days before lipopolysaccharide [LPS] infusion), GR55562 (0.3 mg/kg), the PAF antagonist WEB2086 (3 mg/kg), or aspirin plus GR55562 prior to LPS infusion (30 ng/kg for 30 minutes). Digital blood flow was measured by use of Doppler ultrasonography. Concomitant measurements of hoof wall and coronary band surface temperatures were made. Serial blood samples were collected and plasma 5-HT and TxA2 concentrations determined. RESULTS: GR55562 abolished tryptamine-induced digital hypoperfusion. Neither WEB2086 nor GR55562 affected LPS-induced alterations in digital perfusion or plasma mediator concentrations. Aspirin given 2 hours before LPS administration abolished the increase in plasma TxA2 concentration and significantly attenuated LPS-induced digital hypoperfusion. Aspirin given 4 days before LPS significantly attenuated the increase in plasma TxA2 concentration and digital hypothermia. Aspirin plus GR55562 had a greater effect on LPS-induced digital hypothermia than aspirin alone. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Thromboxane A2 and 5-HT played a role in mediating LPS-induced digital hypoperfusion in horses. Platelet-activating factor appeared unimportant in mediating LPS-induced 5-HT or TxA2 release or digital hypoperfusion.  相似文献   

Hypoxemia: a quick reference.     

Jonathan F Bach 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2008,38(3):423-6, vii

The article describes the calculation of the alveolar-arterial gas gradient and its clinical application in determining the cause of hypoxemia. It also outlines the analysis of arterial blood gases and the clinical approach toward diagnosis and treatment of respiratory disease.  相似文献   

El Agua es La Vida or Water is Life     

Karl Wood 《Herpetological Monographs》2008,30(5):6-10

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Once I found out: Awareness of and attitudes toward coyote hunting policies in Massachusetts     

Jennifer L. Jackman  Jonathan G. Way 《Human Dimensions of Wildlife》2018,23(2):187-195

Lethal management of large carnivores such as wolves, cougars, bear, bobcat, and coyotes has been found to have negative ecological, behavioral, and socio-political consequences, and has contributed to human–wildlife conflict. Recent research has documented an increase in the popularity of large predators and decrease in support for their lethal removal, particularly when methods are perceived as inhumane or unfair. Our survey results indicated that voters on Cape Cod, Massachusetts overwhelmingly opposed coyote hunting practices such as baiting and supported changing these policies. We suggest that either (1) state wildlife agencies broaden their constituents to include the general public (i.e. not just hunters) in their decision-making; (2) citizens initiate more ballot initiatives to better protect carnivores; and/or (3) policymakers reform carnivore management in line with the compassionate conservation paradigm, which would likely have broad public support given our findings.  相似文献