Organic farming and agroforestry: Alleycropping for mulch production for organic farms of southeastern United States     

Jordan  C.F. 《Agroforestry Systems》2004,61(1-3):79-90

Agroforestry Systems - Organic farming offers an alternative that can eliminate many of the environmental problems of conventional agriculture in the industrialized world. Instead of using...  相似文献   

Detection of Eutypa lata and Eutypella vitis in Grapevine by Nested Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction     

Catal M  Jordan SA  Butterworth SC  Schilder AM 《Phytopathology》2007,97(6):737-747

ABSTRACT Two fungi were isolated from grapevines in Michigan vineyards with Eutypa dieback symptoms: Eutypa lata and Eutypella vitis. These fungi are difficult to distinguish morphologically but are genetically distinct as determined by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. The ITS regions of 25 Eutypa lata and 15 Eutypella vitis isolates were sequenced. Eutypa lata sequences were more variable than those of Eutypella vitis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed for each species and evaluated against isolates of both fungi as well as 11 closely related Diatrypaceous fungi and 23 isolates of other fungi representing various pathogenic, saprophytic, and endophytic genera on grape and other small fruit crops. The primers were specific for their intended species. A nested multiplex PCR protocol was developed and used to successfully detect these fungi in wood samples from cankers with and without stromata from naturally infected vines as well as in artificially inoculated, potted canes. The primers developed in this study will assist in our abilities to diagnose and study the roles of Eutypa lata and Eutypella vitis in Eutypa dieback development.  相似文献   

Effect of thyme essential oils (Thymus hyemalis and Thymus zygis) and monensin on in vitro ruminal degradation and volatile fatty acid production     

Martínez S  Madrid J  Hernandez F  Megías MD  Sotomayor JA  Jordan MJ 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(18):6598-6602

The effect of the essential oils of thyme on the in vitro ruminal degradability of a barley seed/alfalfa hay substrate was studied. Two essential oils were used, one from Thymus hyemalis (TH), rich in carvacrol, and the other from Thymus zygis (TZ), rich in thymol. Four experimental treatments of in vitro degradability, using the Daisy II(200/220) incubator, were conducted including a negative control (CO), a positive control at 7.5 microg/mL of monensin (MO), and two treatments with essential oils (TH or TZ) at 1.35 microL/mL. The material was incubated at 39.5 degrees C for various lengths of time. At each time, the disappearance of dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber was measured. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were determined after 48 h of incubation. CO and MO provided (p < 0.01) higher values of potential degradability (a + b) of DM than the TH and TZ treatments (72.6 and 70.8 vs 53.2 and 48.2%, respectively). Also, crude protein degradability was lowest in the essential oil treatments. The CO treatment showed the highest potential degradability of NDF. The values of VFA production obtained (p < 0.001) with CO and MO treatments were higher than those obtained with TH and TZ treatments (21.0 and 19.1 vs 11.2 and 10.1 mM). The essential oils decreased the molar proportion of propionate, increasing the acetate/propionate ratio. In conclusion, the effects of essential oils at assayed doses would not be nutritionally beneficial to the ruminal energetic metabolism.  相似文献   

Interactions between commensal fungi and the C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1 influence colitis     

Iliev ID  Funari VA  Taylor KD  Nguyen Q  Reyes CN  Strom SP  Brown J  Becker CA  Fleshner PR  Dubinsky M  Rotter JI  Wang HL  McGovern DP  Brown GD  Underhill DM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6086):1314-1317

The intestinal microflora, typically equated with bacteria, influences diseases such as obesity and inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we show that the mammalian gut contains a rich fungal community that interacts with the immune system through the innate immune receptor Dectin-1. Mice lacking Dectin-1 exhibited increased susceptibility to chemically induced colitis, which was the result of altered responses to indigenous fungi. In humans, we identified a polymorphism in the gene for Dectin-1 (CLEC7A) that is strongly linked to a severe form of ulcerative colitis. Together, our findings reveal a eukaryotic fungal community in the gut (the "mycobiome") that coexists with bacteria and substantially expands the repertoire of organisms interacting with the intestinal immune system to influence health and disease.  相似文献   

Evolution and functional impact of rare coding variation from deep sequencing of human exomes     

Tennessen JA  Bigham AW  O'Connor TD  Fu W  Kenny EE  Gravel S  McGee S  Do R  Liu X  Jun G  Kang HM  Jordan D  Leal SM  Gabriel S  Rieder MJ  Abecasis G  Altshuler D  Nickerson DA  Boerwinkle E  Sunyaev S  Bustamante CD  Bamshad MJ  Akey JM;Broad GO;Seattle GO;NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,337(6090):64-69

As a first step toward understanding how rare variants contribute to risk for complex diseases, we sequenced 15,585 human protein-coding genes to an average median depth of 111× in 2440 individuals of European (n = 1351) and African (n = 1088) ancestry. We identified over 500,000 single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), the majority of which were rare (86% with a minor allele frequency less than 0.5%), previously unknown (82%), and population-specific (82%). On average, 2.3% of the 13,595 SNVs each person carried were predicted to affect protein function of ~313 genes per genome, and ~95.7% of SNVs predicted to be functionally important were rare. This excess of rare functional variants is due to the combined effects of explosive, recent accelerated population growth and weak purifying selection. Furthermore, we show that large sample sizes will be required to associate rare variants with complex traits.  相似文献   

Universities,Knowledge Transfer,and Regional Development: Geography,Entrepreneurship, and Policy – Edited by Attila Varga     

Declan A. Jordan 《Growth and change》2012,43(2):358-359

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Electron small polarons and their mobility in iron (oxyhydr)oxide nanoparticles     

JE Katz  X Zhang  K Attenkofer  KW Chapman  C Frandsen  P Zarzycki  KM Rosso  RW Falcone  GA Waychunas  B Gilbert 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,337(6099):1200-1203

Electron mobility within iron (oxyhydr)oxides enables charge transfer between widely separated surface sites. There is increasing evidence that this internal conduction influences the rates of interfacial reactions and the outcomes of redox-driven phase transformations of environmental interest. To determine the links between crystal structure and charge-transport efficiency, we used pump-probe spectroscopy to study the dynamics of electrons introduced into iron(III) (oxyhydr)oxide nanoparticles via ultrafast interfacial electron transfer. Using time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy and ab initio calculations, we observed the formation of reduced and structurally distorted metal sites consistent with small polarons. Comparisons between different phases (hematite, maghemite, and ferrihydrite) revealed that short-range structural topology, not long-range order, dominates the electron-hopping rate.  相似文献   

Meat inspection in the Australian red-meat industries: past, present and future     

J Webber  B Dobrenov  J Lloyd  D Jordan 《Australian veterinary journal》2012,90(9):363-369

Postmortem inspection of carcases and offal has been a cornerstone of consumer protection in the red-meat industry for over a century. In 2011, there began strong moves to reform the traditional process of meat inspection applied to cattle, sheep and goats in Australia. A major motivation was the widespread acceptance that organoleptic inspection does little to control the most important hazards in meat products - microbial pathogens derived from gut flora. The watershed reforms in international trade provided another incentive by encouraging the application of a risk-based approach to food safety, which allows for the discontinuation of processes that do not enhance public health outcomes. As well, there was a strong imperative to ensure that resources allocated to quality assurance delivered maximum economic benefit for both consumers and processors. This review discusses how the role of meat inspection is likely to evolve into the future under the influence of these forces. It summarises how the current system was derived through repeated modification over time, mainly to satisfy the requirements of trading partners. Major developments are summarised, focusing especially on how the inclusion of particular organoleptic techniques was initially justified and the relevance of these to modern meat production. Overall, analysis of past and present practices suggests that in the future both public health and efficiency will be better served by strategically integrating the most effective elements of traditional organoleptic inspection with information from the preslaughter period and the use of modern technology for rapid and accurate detection of hazards.  相似文献   

EXTENSION EDUCATION SYMPOSIUM: The future of biosecurity and antimicrobial use in livestock production in the United States and the role of extension1     

S Clark  R Daly  E Jordan  J Lee  A Mathew  P Ebner 《Journal of animal science》2012,90(8):2861-2872

As the global population continues to grow, food needs will increase as well. The amount of land and other resources devoted to agriculture production is not expected to grow significantly, leading most to agree that the substantial increases in food production to meet food security needs will come through the development of technologies that improve production efficiency. Diseases are constant threats to efficiency in all segments of agriculture. In livestock production, many of the bacterial pathogens that infect food animals are controlled through the use of antimicrobials. Antimicrobials are currently used in the United States not only to treat specific diseases, but also as feed additives to prevent bacterial disease in general or to improve growth performance. In recent years, there have been several proposals in the United States, both at state and federal levels, aimed at curtailing or dramatically reducing the use antimicrobials as feed additives, creating a policy similar to that of the European Union. Here we review the current policies on antimicrobial use in the European Union and their impact on food animal production. In addition, we discuss the future of antimicrobial use in food animal production in the United States and the increasing role of biosecurity programs. Finally, we discuss the role of Cooperative Extension Service in creating improved biosecurity programs and extension programs that provide policy makers and voters information on modern food animal production practices and technologies so that policies and regulations are effective and appropriate.  相似文献   

Sensitivity and specificity of cytologic evaluation in the diagnosis of neoplasia in body fluids from dogs and cats     

Hirschberger J  DeNicola DB  Hermanns W  Kraft W 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》1999,28(4):142-146

Sensitivity and specificity were determined for the cytologic detection of malignant tumors in canine and feline body cavity effusions. In a prospective study, 424 body cavity effusions from dogs and cats were collected and evaluated, including 70 pleural and 163 peritoneal effusions from dogs, and 77 pleural and 114 peritoneal effusions from cats. Final diagnoses were confirmed in 339 of the 424 cases by clinical follow-up, necropsy, and in the case of malignant tumors, Histopathology. Malignant tumors were found in 18% of canine and 25% of feline body cavity effusions. Approximately one-half of tumors in both dogs and cats were carcinomas. Discrete cell tumors accounted for 56% of feline neoplastic effusions. The sensitivity of cytologic evaluation for the detection of malignant tumors in body cavity effusions was 64% for dogs and 61% for cats. Specificity was 99% for canine and 100% for feline effusions. Sensitivity and specificity were comparable to those obtained with cytologic evaluation of human samples.  相似文献