Seasonal colonisation of apple trees by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ revealed by a new quantitative TaqMan real-time PCR approach     

Sanja Baric  Jennifer Berger  Christian Cainelli  Christine Kerschbamer  Thomas Letschka  Josef Dalla Via 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,129(3):455-467

Apple proliferation (AP), caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’, is an economically important disease affecting many apple-growing areas in Europe. A new TaqMan real-time PCR assay was established for absolute quantification of ‘Ca. P. mali’ by using a single-copy gene of the host plant as a reference, which is amplified with the pathogen DNA in a single-tube reaction. Normalised estimates of phytoplasma concentration are ultimately expressed as the number of phytoplasma cells per host plant cell. The assay was used to monitor the ‘Ca. P. mali’ titre over the course of two growing seasons in roots and branches of symptomatic and asymptomatic but AP-positive apple trees. All 252 root samples from symptomatic and asymptomatic trees tested positive, with an average number of 59.8 ± 5.68 (standard error) and 55.1 ± 9.83 ‘Ca. P. mali’ per host cell, respectively. From the 378 shoot samples analysed, 81% of the symptomatic and only 20% of the asymptomatic samples were AP-positive with an average number of 9.4 ± 1.04 and 0.7 ± 0.13 ‘Ca. P. mali’ per host cell, respectively. This strengthens evidence that not the pathogen occurrence alone but the presence of a certain quantity of ‘Ca. P. mali’ in the aerial tree sections is involved in symptom expression. In addition, pronounced seasonality of the phytoplasma concentration was found, not only in branches, but also for the first time in roots of symptomatic and asymptomatic apple trees. Highest phytoplasma levels in roots were detected from December to May.  相似文献   

Epidemiological enquiries in two Q fever outbreaks in a community of Baden-Württemberg during 2008 and 2009     

Hilbert A  Reith P  Brockmann SO  Tyczka J  Fischer SF  Piechotowski I  Wagner-Wiening C  Winter CH  Bendak J  Meier C  Spengler D  Miller T  Kleine-Albers C  Renner C  Koepsel U  Hensler E  Henning K  Fröhlich A  Conraths FJ  Kramer M 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2011,124(7-8):295-302

In 2008 and 2009, two consecutive outbreaks of Q fever in humans were recorded in the district of Freudenstadt, northern Black Forrest, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. In 2008, a total of 41 persons from a single local community fell ill and were found infected with Coxiella burnetii. Although comprehensive diagnostic and epidemiological outbreak investigations were conducted and control measures taken which included vaccination of ruminants at risk in three parts of the affected community, re-occurrence of the disease in 2009 with further 29 confirmed human Q fever cases could not be prevented. While the origin of infection of the first outbreak was probably a flock of 550 sheep moved in the surrounding of the affected villages, the source of infection for the consecutive outbreak in 2009 could not be identified. It seems possible that meadows contaminated with infectious placenta or birth fluids represented the sources of infection.  相似文献   

Copper Uptake, Physiology and Cytogenetic Characteristics in Three Matricaria chamomilla Cultivars     

Jozef Kov��?ik  Bo?ivoj Klejdus  Josef Hedbavny  Pavol M��rtonfi  Franti?ek ?tork  Lenka M��rtonfiov�� 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2011,218(1-4):681-691

Selected physiological parameters and copper uptake by three chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) cultivars (two tetraploid????Lutea?? and ??Unknown?? and one diploid????Novbona??) exposed to 60 ??M Cu over 7 days were studied. Genome size was 10.6 and 5.5 pg DNA/2C and chromosome number 2n?=?36 and 2n?=?18 in tetraploids and diploid, respectively. Root tissue water content and dry biomass were more reduced in diploid cultivar. Soluble proteins were depressed by Cu excess in all cultivars without respect to ploidy. Lignin accumulation and cinnamylalcohol dehydrogenase activity was the highest in Novbona. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity was stimulated in tetraploid but reduced in diploid roots. Diploid contained higher amount of Cu and soluble phenols in both shoots and roots. Sulphur-containing amino acids were stimulated in Cu-exposed shoots independently on ploidy level. Potassium content was more reduced in the diploid cultivar. Our data indicate that induction of phenolic metabolism is faster in diploid cultivar which also contained higher amount of Cu. In this view, polyploidisation is a good tool for the reduction of shoot metal accumulation and growth tolerance to Cu excess. Identity of Czech tetraploid cultivar ??Unknown?? is also discussed.  相似文献   

Inhibition and reactivation of chicken kynurenine formamidase: In vitro studies with organophosphates, N-alkylcarbamates,and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride     

Josef Seifert  John E. Casida 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1979,12(3):273-279

In studies on the mechanism of avian teratogenesis induced by organophosphorus and methylcarbamate insecticides, chicken liver kynurenine formamidase (KFase) was used as a convenient model for the more difficultly accessible but teratogenically relevant KFase of the yolk sac membrane. The parameters of in vitro KFase inhibition kinetics do not correlate with the teratogenic potency of various organophosphates and N-alkylcarbamates. The phosphorylated, carbamoylated, and sulfonylated enzymes are relatively resistant to reactivation of enzyme activity either spontaneously or by aldoximes or hydroxylamine. This refractory property may contribute to the prolonged in ovo KFase inhibition necessary for the NAD-deficiency type of teratogenesis.  相似文献   

Field efficacy of phoxim 50% (ByeMite) against the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae in battery cages stocked with laying hens   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Meyer-Kühling B  Pfister K  Müller-Lindloff J  Heine J 《Veterinary parasitology》2007,147(3-4):289-296

Infestations with the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae represent a major ectoparasite problem in poultry and can affect egg layers worldwide. There is presently a lack of an ectoparasiticide in Europe for poultry which can assure a 0-day withholding period for eggs. In this study, ByeMite (phoxim 50%, Bayer HealthCare, Animal Health Division) was administered to treat a D. gallinae infestation in a poultry house stocked with egg-laying hens kept in a cage system. A layer house was sprayed twice within a 7-day interval using a solution containing 2000 ppm phoxim and a similar layer house was used as an untreated control unit. Specially developed D. gallinae traps made of cardboard were used to assess the mite density in both layer houses during a 49-day period after the treatment. In order to collect mites, the traps were placed on days--1, 2, 6, 9, 13, 20, 34 and 48 and always removed after 24 h. The collected mites were counted and differentiated according to their developmental stage (mite eggs, larvae, nymphs, adults). Three days after the first spray treatment, the efficacy against all mite stages (larvae, nymphs, adults) was 96.1%, and from day 7 post-treatment until the end of the trial (day 49) the efficacy exceeded 99%. In contrast, in the untreated layer house (negative control group) the mite population showed a 400% increase. No treatment-related side effects in chickens were detectable. It is concluded that two administrations of ByeMite within a 7-day interval are highly effective against D. gallinae infestations in a stocked poultry house.  相似文献   

Influence of climatic conditions and soil properties on 137Cs vertical distribution in selected Chilean soils     

Paulina Schuller  Achim Ellies  Josef Handl 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1997,160(3):423-426

Long-term downward distribution of global fallout ¹³⁷Cs was studied in different soil types, in natural and semi-natural environments of four Chilean climatic zones. The ¹³⁷Cs soil content showed an exponential decrease with depth; relaxation depth ranged from 0.9 cm in the polar climate environment up to 6.8 cm in the mesothermal warm summer one. In the Antarctic and Westpatagonic ecosystems the long freezing periods delayed the ¹³⁷Cs leaching. In temperate and tropical climate zones, primarily the rates of annual rainfall and volume of coarse soil pores control the radionuclide's distribution in the soil profiles.  相似文献   

Physiological approach to the analysis of some complex characters of potatoes     

Josef Nečas 《Potato Research》1974,17(1):3-23

Summary An attempt was made to show the possibility of analysis of the phenotypic as well as genotypic make-up of two complex physiological characters of cultivated potatoes. The complex characters were the yielding capacity and the water relations. The components of the first were analysed for some potato varieties by the method of growth analysis. For the analysis of their water relations the ability to retain water in the plant tissues and to regulate its output by transpiration were determined. It was shown that in different potato varieties the make-up of the complex characters studied may differ. It was shown that it is possible to design, for practical breeding purposes, model (type) plants with regard to the phenotypic as well as genotypic make-up of both the complex characters mentioned.

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Zusammenfassung Schwierigkeiten bei der genetischen und züchterischen Arbeit mit einigen komplexen Eigenschaften von Pflanzen sind die Ursache, weshalb etliche Forscher versuchen, eine effektive Ann?herung betreffend eine Analyse solcher Komplexe zu finden. Die wichtigsten Komponenten einer komplexen Eigenschaft, denen man mit einfachen und angemessenen Methoden n?herkommt, k?nnen dann besser verstanden und durch Züchtungsmethoden verbessert werden. Zwei komplexe Eigenschaften der Kartoffel — Ertragsf?higkeit und Wasserhaushalt — wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit von diesem Standpunkt aus untersucht. Zur Untersuchung der Ertragsf?higkeit verwendeten wir Wachstumsanalyse. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass spezifische Sortenunterschiede in der entsprechenden Wachstumsrate und dem Blattfl?chenverh?ltnis signifikant klarer zutage treten, wenn sie auf die Trockensubstanz der Pflanze ohne Knollen bezogen werden (siehe Abb. 1). Die Unterschiede in der relativen Wachstumsrate und der Nettoassimilationsrate bei drei Paaren von Sorten, die sich in der Vegetationsdauer (Frühreife) unterscheiden, sind in Abb. 2 dargestellt. Unterschiede in Blattfl?chenindex und Blattfl?chenverh?ltnis bei den gleichen drei Paaren von Sorten werden in Abb. 3 gezeigt. Die Bedeutung dieser Unterschiede in der Analyse der Struktur der Ertragsf?higkeit wird diskutiert. Zur Untersuchung des Wasserhaushaltes benützten wir die Unterschiede in den osmotischen Werten sowie den Wasserverlust durch die Transpiration. Der Verlauf der gesamten osmotischen Werte in drei oberirdischen Hauptorganen geht aus Abb. 4A hervor. Die Beziehungen zwischen den gesamten osmotischen Werten und zwei wichtigen osmotischen Teilwerten in den Bl?ttern ist in Abb. 4B dargestellt. Sortenbedingte Unterschiede in den osmotischen Werten dürften entweder durch eine Abnahme der Bodenfeuchtigkeit (Klimakammer), wie in Abb. 5 gezeigt, verursacht worden sein, oder sie k?nnten sich w?hrend der ganzen periode bei jeder Bodenfeuchtigkeit (Feld) gezeigt haben, wie aus Abb. 6 zu ersehen ist. Das gleiche gilt auch für den Wasserverlust durch Transpiration, ausgedrückt durch eine Transpirationskurve. Die w?hrend der ganzen Periode vorhandenen Unterschiede sind in den Abb. 7 und 9 dargestellt. Die nur durch eine Abnahme der Bodenfeuchtigkeit entstandenen Unterschiede sind in Abb. 8 angegeben. Die Bedeutung dieser Unterschiede im Wasserhaushalt von Kartoffelsorten wird besprochen. Ferner wird auf die M?glichkeit verwiesen, diese bei der Untersuchung einer solch komplexen Eigenschaft, wie der Wasserhaushalt, zu berücksichtigen.

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Résumé Les difficultés causées dans les travaux de génétique et d'amélioration par plusieurs caractères complexes des plantes ont entra?né plusieurs chercheurs à s'efforcer de trouver une méthode d'approche efficace pour l'analyse de tels complexes. Les composants les plus importants d'un caractère complexe, que l'on peut approcher par des méthodes simples et adéquates, peuvent ainsi être connus et exploités dans les méthodes d'amélioration. La présente publication rapporte l'étude, de ce point de vue, de deux caractères complexes: la capacité de production et les relations plante-eau. Pour l'analyse de la capacité de production, on a utilisé l'analyse de la croissance. L'étude a montré que les différences spécifiques variétales dans la vitesse relative de croissance et la proportion de surface foliaire peuvent être mis en évidence d'une manière plus significative si elles sont reliées à la teneur en matière sèche de la plante sans les tubercules (fig. 1). La figure 2 montre les différences dans la vitesse relative de croissance et la vitesse d'assimilation nette dans trois paires de variétés différant dans leur longueur de végétation (précocité). La figure 3 montre les différences dans l'index de surface foliaire et la proportion de surface foliaire dans les mêmes trois paires de variétés. L'auteur discute de la signification de ces différences dans l'analyse de la structure de la capacité de production. Pour l'analyse des relations plante-eau, l'auteur a utilisé les différences des pressions osmotiques et de sorties d'eau par transpiration. Il est possible de voir dans la figure 4A l'évolution des pressions osmotiques totales dans les trois principaux organes aériens. La figure 4B montre les relations entre les valeurs osmotiques totales de deux valeurs principales partielles dans les feuilles. Les différences variétales dans les pressions osmotiques peuvent être révélées soit par le diminution de l'humidité du sol (chambre végétative) comme l'indique la figure 5, soit par l'humidité du sol en champ pendant la période entière de croissance, comme le montre la figure 6. La même chose est valable pour les pertes d'eau par transpiration exprimées par une courbe de transpiration. Les différences exprimées durant l'entièreté de la saison sont données par les figures 7 et 9 et les différences révélées seulement par la diminution de la teneur en eau du sol sont montrées dans la figure 8. L'auteur discute de la signification des différences dans leurs relations avec l'eau des variétés de pomme de terre et montre les possibilités d'utiliser ces données dans les analyses de la structure d'un caractère aussi complexe que les relations ‘plante-eau’.

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The flavonoid content in leaves and inflorescences of the wild perennial Fagopyrum cymosum complex     

Na Liu  Friedrich Josef Zeller  Qing-Fu Chen 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2013,60(3):825-838

The Fagopyrum cymosum complex is a group of wild perennial buckwheats which includes the diploid species F. megaspartanium Q. F. Chen and F. pilus Q. F. Chen as well as the allotetraploid species F. cymosum (Trev.) Meisn. The flavonoid content in leaves and inflorescences of the accessions of the F. cymosum complex native to Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei, and Tibet has been studied by means of the spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that there are significant differences of flavonoid content among different species, different accessions and different plants. The average flavonoid content of leaves of F. megaspartanium is higher than that of F. pilus and of F. cymosum. The average flavonoid content of inflorescences of F. megaspartanium is higher than that of F. pilus. The results also showed that the flavonoid content in inflorescences was significantly higher than that in leaves, and that they have positive relationships to each other. There is a significant difference of rutin content between leaves and inflorescences, but there is no significant relationship to each other. There is also no significant relationship between leaf rutin contents and leaf flavonoid contents, but significant positive relationship between inflorescence rutin contents and inflorescence flavonoid contents.  相似文献   

Long‐term tillage effects on the distribution of phosphorus fractions of loess soils in Germany     

Christiane Piegholdt  Daniel Geisseler  Heinz‐Josef Koch  Bernard Ludwig 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2013,176(2):217-226

Different tillage systems may affect P dynamics in soils due to differently distributed plant residues, different aggregate dynamics and erosion losses, but quantitative data are scarce. Objectives were to investigate the effect of tillage on the availability of P in a long‐term field trial on loess soils (Phaeozems and Luvisols) initiated from 1990 to 1997. Four research sites in E and S Germany were established with a crop rotation consisting of two times winter wheat followed by sugar beet. The treatments were no‐till (NT) without cultivation, except for seedbed preparation to a depth of 5 cm before sugar beet was sown and conventional tillage (CT) with mouldboard plowing down to 25–30 cm. Soil P was divided into different pools by a sequential extraction method, and total P (P_t) in the single P fractions was extracted by digesting the extracts of the fractionation to calculate the contents of organic P. The P_t content (792 mg [kg soil]^–1) in the topsoil (0–5 cm) of NT was 15% higher compared to CT, while with increasing depth the P_t content decreased more under NT than under CT. This was also true for the other P fractions except for residual P. The higher P contents in the topsoil of NT presumably resulted from the shallower incorporation of harvest residues and fertilizer P compared to CT, whereas estimated soil losses and thus also P losses due to water erosion were only small for both treatments. Contents of oxalate‐extractable Fe and organic C were positively related to the labile fractions of inorganic P, while there was a high correlation of the stable fractions with the clay contents and pH. Multiple regression analyses explained 50% of the variability of these P fractions. Overall, only small differences in the P fractions and availability were observed between the long‐term tillage treatments.  相似文献   

Quantity of virulent fowl adenovirus serotype 1 correlates with clinical signs,macroscopical and pathohistological lesions in gizzards following experimental induction of gizzard erosion in broilers     

Beatrice Grafl  Dieter Liebhart  Ayse Günes  Patricia Wernsdorf  Franz Aigner  Josef Bachmeier  Michael Hess 《Veterinary research》2013,44(1):38

In the present study day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and commercial broilers with maternally derived fowl adenovirus serotype 1 (FAdV-1) antibodies were orally infected with a European “pathogenic” FAdV-1, isolated from broilers showing signs of gizzard erosion. During the experiment, broilers were observed and weighed daily up to 17 days post infection (dpi). Clinically, both infected groups showed significant decrease of weight compared to respective negative control groups. Birds were examined by necropsy at 3, 7, 10, 14 and 17 dpi. Pathological changes in the gizzards were noticed in both experimentally infected groups from 7 dpi onwards. Macroscopically, erosion of the koilin layer and inflammation or ulceration of the gizzard mucosa were observed. Histologically, presence of FAdV-1 in intranuclear inclusion bodies of degenerated glandular epithelial cells was demonstrated by in-situ hybridization and inflammatory cell infiltration of the lamina propria, submucosa and muscle layer was detected. Tissue samples were investigated by a recently developed real-time PCR and the viral DNA load was calculated from gizzard, liver, spleen and cloacal swabs with the highest amounts of FAdV-1 DNA found in the gizzard. For the first time, successful reproduction of clinical signs in broilers as well as pathological lesions in the gizzard were achieved with a European FAdV-1 isolate displaying some genetic differences to so far reported virulent FAdV-1 from Japan. Furthermore, highest viral load in gizzards could be linked with macroscopical and histological lesions. Therefore, the conducted analyses provide important insights into the pathogenesis of adenoviral gizzard erosion.  相似文献